Background: Whether national physical activity recommendations are related to mortality benefit is incompletely understood. Methods: We prospectively examined physical activity guidelines in relation to mortality among 252925 women and men aged 50 to 71 years in the National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study. Physical activity was assessed using 2 self-administered baseline questionnaires. Results: During 1265347 person-years of follow-up, 7900 participants died. Compared with being inactive, achievement of activity levels that approximate the recommendations for moderate activity (at least 30 minutes on most days of the week) or vigorous exercise (at least 20 minutes 3 times per week) was associated with a 27% (relative risk [RR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.78) and 32% (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.64-0.73) decreased mortality risk, respectively. Physical activity reflective of meeting both recommendations was relatedtosubstantiallydecreasedmortalityriskoverall(RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.46-0.54) and in subgroups, including smokers (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.44-0.53) and nonsmokers (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.45-0.64), normal weight (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.39-0.52) and overweight or obese individuals (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.44-0.54), and those with 2 h/d (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.44-0.63) and more than 2 h/d of television or video watching (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.450.55). Engaging in physical activity at less than recommended levels was also related to reduced mortality risk (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86). Conclusions: Following physical activity guidelines is associatedwithlowerriskofdeath.Mortalitybenefitmay also be achieved by engaging in less than recommended activity levels.

/pdf/physical-activity-recommendations-and-decreased-risk-of-48t7txk69r.pdf

Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality.

Older women are generally more sedentary and less active than older men, but little is known about the specific factors underlying the differences between the genders in physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to compare men and women regarding their household leisure time PA, walking activity, and personal and environmental factors related to physical activity. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 276 older adults recruited from senior centers. Findings revealed that women were less active overall but more involved in household activities. The women's personal and environmental factors represented poor conditions for PA, and as a result they engaged in lower levels of PA than men.

Gender Differences in Physical Activity and Walking Among Older Adults

Objectives

There is increasing recognition that physical activity has beneficial consequences among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is concern regarding the current degree of physical inactivity in this population because of limitations with previous research and increased recognition of health behaviors in MS. This study compared physical activity levels between large samples of persons with mild MS and matched controls using validated measures of physical activity.



Materials and methods

The sample included 77 cases of MS and 77 controls matched on age, height, weight, and gender. Physical activity was assessed using five measures, namely the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and activity counts per day, step counts per day, and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day by accelerometry.



Results

There were statistically significant differences between groups in accelerometer activity counts (t = −3.87, P = 0.0001), accelerometer step counts (t = −4.29, P = 0.0001), time spent in MVPA (t = −2.39, P = 0.01), GLTEQ scores (t = −3.83, P = 0.0001), and IPAQ scores (t = −3.42, P = 0.0001). The average effect size across all five measures was d = −0.59 and indicated that persons with MS overall were moderately less physically active than the matched controls.



Conclusions

The primary finding was a moderate reduction in physical activity among those with MS, but the magnitude was substantially smaller than reported in a published meta-analysis. Importantly, the degree of physical inactivity can likely be overcome through the delivery of behavioral interventions for increasing physical activity and this should translate into meaningful consequences for persons with MS.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01634.x

Physical activity and multiple sclerosis: new insights regarding inactivity.

This study investigated quality of life (QoL) and function of 124 patients with lower extremity sarcoma who underwent either amputation or limb-salvage surgery (LSS) in order to assess potential differences in subjective treatment outcome. The results reflect similar QoL in both treatment groups. However, in contrast to patients with LSS, who described QoL in terms of a high physical performance status with sports and recreational activities, amputees' QoL was strongly associated with their social acceptability. High QoL in amputees brings into question the expectations held with time-consuming advanced technical skills for LSS by physicians.

Equal quality of life after limb-sparing or ablative surgery for lower extremity sarcomas.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease in Women and Men With Hypertension

Measurement Theory and Practice in Kinesiology provides a contemporary reference on measurement issues. The authors take both a broad and focused look at measurement issues in the physical domain. Readers learn about the tools that can facilitate their more advanced work, particularly with regard to statistical techniques, and learn practical applications in areas such as educational assessment and preemployment physical testing.The book is divided into four parts. Part I introduces readers to measurement basics, including validity, reliability, and test construction. Part II explores current issues in measurement, including ethical issues, computerized adaptive testing, item bias, and scaling and equating measures. Part III focuses on advanced statistical techniques, including analysis of large and small data sets, analysis of longitudinal data, and structural equation modeling and its applications. In part IV, the authors look at measurement in practice, current issues in physical education, measurement of physical activity, measurement issues in the clinical setting, epidemiology and physical activity, and preemployment physical testing.With this simple yet sophisticated approach, Measurement Theory and Practice in Kinesiology can be used by students in graduate-level introductory measurement courses or as a reference by researchers and clinicians in the allied health professions. [from publisher's website]

Measuring Physical Activity

BACKGROUND
Walking for exercise is a popular leisure-time activity pursuit among US adults; however, little information is available about total daily walking.


METHODS
A nationally representative random sample of 10,461 US adults (4,438 men and 6,023 women) was surveyed via telephone between 2002 and 2003. Weekly frequency and daily duration of walking for all purposes in bouts of at least 10 min were measured. Regular walking was defined as walking > or =5 d/wk, > or =30 min/d.


RESULTS
Overall, 49% of adults (51% of men and 47% of women) were regular walkers, and approximately 17% reported no walking. Regular walking was significantly higher in employed adults and decreased with increasing age in women and body mass index in both sexes. Total walking was significantly higher among adults with lower levels of educational attainment and did not vary significantly by race/ethnicity.


CONCLUSIONS
These results affirm the popularity of walking in the United States.

Prevalence of Total Daily WalkingAmong US Adults, 2002–2003

Background: Historical physical activity (PA) questionnaires assess relationships between past PA and chronic diseases. The 4-Corner’s Historical Physical Activity Questionnaire (HPAQ) was validated in 78 middle-age women. Methods: In 1996 and 1998, women kept PA records (PAR) for four consecutive days while wearing Caltrac accelerometers. In 2001, the same women recalled their past PA levels using the HPAQ. PA levels from the HPAQ were compared to PARs and the Caltrac. Race-adjusted Spearman correlations determined validity. Results: Low to modest correlations existed between PA (min/wk and MET-min/wk) from the HPAQ and PARs for moderate (r = 0.16 and 0.14, respectively), vigorous PA (r = 0.26 and 0.27, respectively; P < 0.05) and moderate-vigorous PA (r = 0.20 and 0.17, respectively). Moderate and moderate-vigorous, but not vigorous PA was positively related to energy expenditure expressed as kilocalories (r = 0.23, P < 0.05 and 0.22, –0.03, respectively) or PA volume (MET-min/wk) (r = 0.29, 0.29, P < 0.05 and 0.10, respectively). Conclusion: The HPAQ can produce valid estimates of women’s past moderate and vigorous PA levels.

Validation of a historical physical activity questionnaire in middle-aged women.

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Measuring Physical Activity

Prevalence of Total Daily WalkingAmong US Adults, 2002–2003

Validation of a historical physical activity questionnaire in middle-aged women.