Smartphones have become an essential device for many, but they are limited by short battery life due to high data rates, big displays, and diverse applications. In this study we examine how to improve the battery life by optimizing the smartphone’s cellular subsystem, as well as the cellular network, without compromising performance. At the start of this study in 2010 there were no cellular subsystem power consumption models available for the newly introduced 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Therefore an LTE model, based on power consumption measurements on commercial smartphones, has been established. The model depends on receive and transmit power and data rates, and shows that the cellular subsystem being ON and transmit powers above 10 dBm are the primary power consumers, while high data rates are more than 10 times more energy efficient than low data rates in LTE. The Discontinuous Reception (DRX) method is included in the model and is shown to provide significant energy savings due to low-power sleep mode. However, improvements are needed in the time period between entering and leaving the sleep mode. The model, with amendments and updates since its first publication in 2012, has proved useful for both academia and industry. In this study we use the model to propose an uplink resource allocation scheme, where a TDMA-like scheduling is preferred, and to develop the micro sleep concept, which targets the LTE control-data frame structure that leads to unnecessary buffering for unscheduled users. The model is expanded to Carrier Aggregation, which we demonstrate to be an energy saving feature for high data rate applications, and this has been confirmed by our later measurements on commercial smartphones. The second part of this study deals with the design of a future Fifth Generation (5G) Radio Access Technology. It targets 10 Gb/s peak data rate, 1 ms latency, and flexible uplink/downlink by use of advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output receivers in an Ultra-Dense Small Cell, high bandwidth, Centimeter Waves network. We examine selected features such as Time Division Duplexing, control-data structure, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing to determine if and how they improve the energy efficiency. We also simulate how 5G DRX due to a short, optimized frame improves the battery life 5-15 times as compared to LTE DRX. With respect to the feasibility of 5G we study how the increased bandwidth, dynamic range, data rate, and number of Radio Frequency components affect the power consumption, and how the performance of the components evolves over time. This results in a performance and power consumption forecast for 2020 and 2030, which predicts that the hardware will be able to handle the 5G requirements. However, we identify

/pdf/studies-on-mobile-terminal-energy-consumption-for-lte-and-2shxox9zod.pdf

Studies on Mobile Terminal Energy Consumption for LTE and Future 5G

Network densification through the deployment of large number of small cells has been considered as the dominant driver for wireless evolution into 5G. However, it has increased the complexity of mobility management, and operators have been facing the technical challenges in handover (HO) parameter optimization. The trade-off between the HO failure (HOF) rate and the ping-pong (PP) rate has further complicated the challenges. In this article, we proposed ZEro handover failure with Unforced and automatic time-to-execute Scaling (ZEUS) HO. ZEUS HO assures HO signaling when a user equipment (UE) is in a good radio link condition and executes the HO at an optimal time. We analyzed the HO performance of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and ZEUS theoretically using a geometry-based model, considering the most important HO parameter, i.e., HO margin (HOM). We derived the probabilities of HOF and PP from the analysis. The numerical results demonstrated that ZEUS HO can achieve zero HOF rate without increasing the PP rate, solving the trade-off. Furthermore, we showed that the ZEUS HO can accomplish zero HOF rate and zero PP rate simultaneously with an extension of keeping fast moving users out of small cells.

pdf/is-it-possible-to-simultaneously-achieve-zero-handover-ndxq36aro3.pdf

Is It Possible to Simultaneously Achieve Zero Handover Failure Rate and Ping-Pong Rate?

A different compressive sensing framework, convolution with white noise waveform followed by subsampling at fixed (not randomly selected) locations, is studied in this paper. We show that its recoverability for sparse signals depends on the coherence (denoted by mu) between the signal representation and the Fourier basis. In particular, an n-dimensional signal which is S-sparse in such a basis can be recovered with a probability exceeding 1-delta from any fixed m~O(mu^2*S*log(n/delta)^(3/2)) output samples of the random convolution.

pdf/compressive-sensing-by-white-random-convolution-sd3gj8mdwx.pdf

Compressive sensing by white random convolution

In this paper we introduce a laboratory emulation setup for evaluation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobility performance in a co-channel heterogeneous network (HetNet). The setup consists of two eNodeB emulators, signal faders and release 9 LTE User Equipment (UE). It is shown how the LTE HetNet mobility performance varies depending on load conditions and the configuration of UE reporting events. Pico cell outbound handover to the macro cell are found to be particular challenging, especially for higher UE speeds. Finally, we discuss the prospects of the emulation setup and how it can be exploited to conduct further experiments towards gaining additional understanding of HetNet mobility performance for LTE UEs.

/pdf/lte-hetnet-mobility-performance-through-emulation-with-eq1vcjtxtj.pdf

LTE HetNet Mobility Performance through Emulation with Commercial Smartphones

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LTE HetNet Mobility Performance through Emulation with Commercial Smartphones