https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/10603660/Emissions_and_Indoor_Concentrations_PostPrint.pdf

Emissions and indoor concentrations of particulate matter and its specific chemical components from cooking: A review

Particulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution and a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes in humans. PM is not a self-contained pollutant but a mixture of different compounds including chemical and biological fractions. While several reviews have focused on the chemical components of PM and associated health effects, there is a dearth of review studies that holistically examine the role of biological and chemical components of inhalable and respirable PM in disease causation. A literature search using various search engines and (or) keywords was done. Articles selected for review were chosen following predefined criteria, to extract and analyze data. The results show that the biological and chemical components of inhalable and respirable PM play a significant role in the burden of health effects attributed to PM. These health outcomes include low birth weight, emergency room visit, hospital admission, respiratory and pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, non-communicable diseases, and premature death, among others. This review justifies the importance of each or synergistic effects of the biological and chemical constituents of PM on health. It also provides information that informs policy on the establishment of exposure limits for PM composition metrics rather than the existing exposure limits of the total mass of PM. This will allow for more effective management strategies for improving outdoor air quality.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/592/pdf

Health Outcomes of Exposure to Biological and Chemical Components of Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Matter

Soot inception: Carbonaceous nanoparticle formation in flames

Endotoxin is a bioaerosol component that is known to cause respiratory effects in exposed populations. To date, most research focused on occupational exposure, whilst much less is known about the impact of emissions from industrial operations on downwind endotoxin concentrations. A review of the literature was undertaken, identifying studies that reported endotoxin concentrations in both ambient environments and around sources with high endotoxin emissions. Ambient endotoxin concentrations in both rural and urban areas are generally below 10 endotoxin units (EU) m−3; however, around significant sources such as compost facilities, farms, and wastewater treatment plants, endotoxin concentrations regularly exceeded 100 EU m−3. However, this is affected by a range of factors including sampling approach, equipment, and duration. Reported downwind measurements of endotoxin demonstrate that endotoxin concentrations can remain above upwind concentrations. The evaluation of reported data is complicated due to a wide range of different parameters including sampling approaches, temperature, and site activity, demonstrating the need for a standardised methodology and improved guidance. Thorough characterisation of ambient endotoxin levels and modelling of endotoxin from pollution sources is needed to help inform future policy and support a robust health-based risk assessment process.

Sources of Airborne Endotoxins in Ambient Air and Exposure of Nearby Communities—A Review

Exposure modeling has become a fundamental component of exposure analysis as it provides an efficient and economical means for assessing exposure of individuals to populations over a variety of spatial and temporal scales for past, current, future, or hypothetical conditions. For airborne particulate matter, traditional modeling approaches typically utilize ambient concentration data to assign exposure levels across an area of interest for a given period of time. Technological advancements have allowed for more sophisticated and innovative modeling approaches that combine exposure measurements and/or models to integrate the strengths of individual methods. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of both conventional and novel approaches of modeling exposure to fine particulate matter.

Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part II: Modeling

Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter has been a pressing issue since the early 1990s when several studies reported health effects at unexpectedly low ambient levels. Since this time, several reviews have addressed various aspects of this topic. This article is the first of a two-part review of reviews. The intention of these articles is to provide a consolidated overview about fine particulate matter exposure assessment. This article, Part I, begins with a general introduction to particulate matter which includes general properties of particulate matter, how it is classified and how it is associated with health effects. Fundamental concepts related to exposure are also summarized. The remainder of the article focuses on measurement-based methods for assessing exposure to fine particulate matter. A subsequent article, Part II, addresses modeling approaches used for particulate matter exposure assessment. Current and recommended future directions for assessing exposure to fine particulate matter are also summarized in each of these two articles.

Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part I: Measurements

Fluvial reservoir architecture, directional heterogeneity and continuity, recognizing incised valley fills, and the case for nodal avulsion on a distributive fluvial system: Kern River field, California

This study measured and analyzed the outdoor airborne endotoxin concentration, on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), for two cities in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. Samples were collected throughout one seasonal cycle, from October 2005 to September 2006. It was found that concentrations were generally highest in the summer and fall, and lowest in the winter and spring. Temperature and relative humidity were found to be most influential, with highest endotoxin concentrations recorded during warm periods and moderate relative humidity (35 to 75 percent). No clear association of concentration with wind direction was observed. Results were comparable between the two cities considered in this study, and concentrations were similar to or slightly higher than those reported by other studies considering urban locations. Endotoxin concentration was also found to be positively associated with agricultural dust sources identified by a source apportionment study conducted at one of the sampling locations.

Ambient concentrations of airborne endotoxin in two cities in the interior of British Columbia, Canada.

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Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part II: Modeling

Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part I: Measurements

Fluvial reservoir architecture, directional heterogeneity and continuity, recognizing incised valley fills, and the case for nodal avulsion on a distributive fluvial system: Kern River field, California

Ambient concentrations of airborne endotoxin in two cities in the interior of British Columbia, Canada.