2D materials are layered crystalline materials and are the most attractive nanomaterials due to their potentials in next-generation electronics. Because most 2D materials are atomically thin, a suitable fabrication process without degradation of the original properties of the material is required to realize 2D-material-based devices. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an ideal technique for adding materials with atomic scaling precision to nanomaterials. Due to the surface-sensitive reactions of ALD, growth on 2D materials is strongly affected by the surface properties of the 2D materials. In this Perspective, ALD growth on 2D materials is reviewed and discussed with previously reported results to provide insights to readers who are investigating 2D materials and relevant topics.

Atomic Layer Deposition on 2D Materials

Spacecraft are expected to traverse enormous distances over long periods of time without an opportunity for maintenance, re-fueling, or repair, and, for interplanetary probes, no on-board crew to actively control the spacecraft configuration or flight path. Nevertheless, space technology has reached the stage when mining of space resources, space travel, and even colonization of other celestial bodies such as Mars and the Moon are being seriously considered. These ambitious aims call for spacecraft capable of self-controlled, self-adapting, and self-healing behavior. It is a tough challenge to address using traditional materials and approaches for their assembly. True interplanetary advances may only be attained using novel self-assembled and self-healing materials, which would allow for realization of next-generation spacecraft, where the concepts of adaptation and healing are at the core of every level of spacecraft design. Herein, recent achievements are captured and future directions in materials-driven development of space technology outlined.

Advanced Materials for Next-Generation Spacecraft.

Graphene is a two dimensional material with extraordinary properties, which make it an interesting material for many optical and electronic devices The integration of graphene in these devices often requires the deposition of thin dielectric layers on top of graphene Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the method of choice to deposit these layers due to its ability to deposit ultra-thin, high quality films with sub-monolayer thickness control ALD on graphene however, is a challenge due to the lack of reactive surface sites on graphene This leads to the selective growth on grain boundaries, wrinkles and defect sites present in the graphene In this review an overview of the different methods to achieve uniform deposition of ALD on graphene is presented The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed from the perspective of ALD together with the opportunities for further research Special emphasis is given to the recent advancements in the understanding of the ALD process conditions and their influence on the deposition uniformity on graphene Particularly, improving the quality of the dielectric layers deposited by ALD while maintaining the pristine properties of graphene, will prove vital for the device integration of graphene

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/admi.201700232

Atomic Layer Deposition for Graphene Device Integration

The transport of fluid and ions in nano/molecular confinements is the governing physics of a myriad of embodiments in nature and technology including human physiology, plants, energy modules, water collection and treatment systems, chemical processes, materials synthesis, and medicine. At nano/molecular scales, the confinement dimension approaches the molecular size and the transport characteristics deviates significantly from that at macro/micro scales. A thorough understanding of physics of transport at these scales and associated fluid properties is undoubtedly critical for future technologies. This compressive review provides an elaborate picture on the promising future applications of nano/molecular transport, highlights experimental and simulation metrologies to probe and comprehend this transport phenomenon, discusses the physics of fluid transport, tunable flow by orders of magnitude, and gating mechanisms at these scales, and lists the advancement in the fabrication methodologies to turn these transport concepts into reality. Properties such as chain-like liquid transport, confined gas transport, surface charge-driven ion transport, physical/chemical ion gates, and ion diodes will provide avenues to devise technologies with enhanced performance inaccessible through macro/micro systems. This review aims to provide a consolidated body of knowledge to accelerate innovation and breakthrough in the above fields.

Transport Phenomena in Nano/Molecular Confinements.

Advances in nanofabrication and materials science give a boost to the research in nanofluidic energy harvesting. Contrary to previous efforts on isothermal conditions, here a study on asymmetric temperature dependence in nanofluidic power generation is conducted. Results are somewhat counterintuitive. A negative temperature difference can significantly improve the membrane potential due to the impact of ionic thermal up-diffusion that promotes the selectivity and suppresses the ion-concentration polarization, especially at the low-concentration side, which results in dramatically enhanced electric power. A positive temperature difference lowers the membrane potential due to the impact of ionic thermal down-diffusion, although it promotes the diffusion current induced by decreased electrical resistance. Originating from the compromise of the temperature-impacted membrane potential and diffusion current, a positive temperature difference enhances the power at low transmembrane-concentration intensities and hinders the power for high transmembrane-concentration intensities. Based on the system's temperature response, we have proposed a simple and efficient way to fabricate tunable ionic voltage sources and enhance salinity-gradient energy conversion based on small nanoscale biochannels and mimetic nanochannels. These findings reveal the importance of a long-overlooked element-temperature-in nanofluidic energy harvesting and provide insights for the optimization and fabrication of high-performance nanofluidic power devices.

Ionic thermal up-diffusion in nanofluidic salinity-gradient energy harvesting

In the paper, a novel passive vibration isolator is proposed for an ultra-precision sensing system, utilizing a quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) mechanism. The QZS mechanism implements the high static low dynamic stiffness, which effectively reduces the dynamic force transmission while minimizing the static deflection under the natural frequency of conventional passive isolator. Furthermore, it does not need any electric components; the mechanism is suitable for the ultra-precision sensing systems measuring extremely weak electromagnetic fields. However, nonlinear stiffness and hysteresis caused from the negative stiffness elements degrade the system performance. A vertical spring with a pre-tension and eight horizontal plate springs with nonlinear buckling characteristics constitute the proposed system to solve these problems. The mathematical model compares the negative stiffness design with previous QZS research. The buckled plate spring with ball joint design reduces stiffness variation. Transmissibility of the proposed system for low frequency range is investigated experimentally.

A Novel Passive Quasi-Zero Stiffness Isolator for Ultra-Precision Measurement Systems

We generate networks and carbonization between individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by an optimized plasmonic heating process using a halogen lamp to improve electrical properties for flow-induced energy harvesting. These properties were characterized by Raman spectra, a field-emission-scanning probe, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and thermographic camera. The electrical sheet resistance of carbonized SWCNTs was decreased to 2.71 kΩ/□, 2.5 times smaller than normal-SWCNTs. We demonstrated flow-induced voltage generation on SWCNTs at various ion concentrations of NaCl. The generated voltage and current for the carbonized-SWCNTs were 9.5 and 23.5 times larger than for the normal-SWCNTs, respectively, based on the electron dragging mechanism.

Highly Increased Flow-Induced Power Generation on Plasmonically Carbonized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

\n\n Recently, addition of multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been\nresearched to enhance the rheological properties of magnetorheological (MR) materials of fluid,\nelastomer and gel. However, there is a lack of study on the effects of MWCNTs on hydrophilic based\nMR gels (MRG), which have shown a high potential to be applied in smart vibration control systems.\n\n\n\n This study is aimed to analyze the effect of MWCNTs on the dynamic stiffness of hydrophilic\nbased MRG.\n\n\n\n Dynamic stiffness of hydrophilic based MRG was experimentally computed under different\nmagnetic fields and strain amplitudes.\n\n\n\n Experimental results indicate that the addition of MWCNTs in hydrophilic MRG showed\noverall degradation of stiffness variation in contradictory to similar research performed on silicon oil\nbased MR gel.\n\n\n\n\n These contradictory results reveal that MRGs of hydrophilic base have a different interaction\nwith MWCNTs than hydrophobic oil base.\n

A Study on the Effects of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Dynamic Stiffness of Hydrophilic-base Magnetorheological Gel

Selective atomic layer deposition onto directly transferred monolayer graphene

We developed plasmonic welded single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on monolayer graphene as a biosensor to detect target antigen molecules, fc fusion protein without any treatment to generate binder groups for linker and antibody This plasmonic welding induces atomic networks between SWCNTs as junctions containing carboxylic groups and improves the electrical sensitivity of a SWCNTs and the graphene membrane to detect target protein We investigated generation of the atomic networks between SWCNTs by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy after plasmonic welding process We compared the intensity ratios of D to G peaks from the Raman spectra and electrical sheet resistance of welded SWCNTs with the results of normal SWCNTs, which decreased from 0115 to 0086 and from 105 to 412, respectively Additionally, we measured the drain current via source/drain voltage after binding of the antigen to the antibody molecules This electrical sensitivity of the welded SWCNTs was 155 times larger than normal SWCNTs

Plasmonic welded single walled carbon nanotubes on monolayer graphene for sensing target protein

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