Biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, and its enhanced use would address several societal needs. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products, generally referred to as the biorefinery. The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/311/5760/484.full.pdf

The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials

Bioconversion of lignocellulose by microbial fermentation is typically preceded by an acidic thermochemical pretreatment step designed to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Substances formed during the pretreatment of the lignocellulosic feedstock inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis as well as microbial fermentation steps. This review focuses on inhibitors from lignocellulosic feedstocks and how conditioning of slurries and hydrolysates can be used to alleviate inhibition problems. Novel developments in the area include chemical in-situ detoxification by using reducing agents, and methods that improve the performance of both enzymatic and microbial biocatalysts.

/pdf/bioconversion-of-lignocellulose-inhibitors-and-2fj6w3tbs6.pdf

Bioconversion of lignocellulose: inhibitors and detoxification

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2010/fpl_2010_zhu004.pdf

Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production : technology and energy consumption evaluation

With world reserves of petroleum fast depleting, in recent years ethanol has emerged as most important alternative resource for liquid fuel and has generated a great deal of research interest in ethanol fermentation. Research on improving ethanol production has been accelerating for both ecological and economical reasons, primarily for its use as an alternative to petroleum based fuels. Field crops offer potential source of fuel, offering promise as large-scale energy and based on its genetic diversity, climatic adaptation, biomass and sugar production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. The aim of the present review is to highlight on major agricultural, industrial and urban waste, which could be used for ethanol production in an ecofriendly and profitable manner. Primarily, the utilization of these wastes for ethanol production will reduce dependency on foreign oil and secondly, this will remove disposal problem of wastes and make environment safe from pollution.

Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues

This review surveys recent applications of design-of-experiments (DoE) methodology in the development of biotechnological processes. Methods such as factorial design, response surface methodology, and (DoE) provide powerful and efficient ways to optimize cultivations and other unit operations and procedures using a reduced number of experiments. The multitude of interdependent parameters involved within a unit operation or between units in a bioprocess sequence may be substantially refined and improved by the use of such methods. Other bioprocess-related applications include strain screening evaluation and cultivation media balancing. In view of the emerging regulatory demands on pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, exemplified by the process analytical technology (PAT) initiative of the United States Food and Drug Administration, the use of experimental design approaches to improve process development for safer and more reproducible production is becoming increasingly important. Here, these options are highlighted and discussed with a few selected examples from antibiotic fermentation, expanded bed optimization, virus vector transfection of insect cell cultivation, feed profile adaptation, embryonic stem cell expansion protocols, and mammalian cell harvesting.

Bioprocess optimization using design-of-experiments methodology.

The authors explored the relations between clinical/demographic characteristics and performance on a neuropsychological battery (eight tests) in a cohort (N=46) of multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects. Findings resulted from a secondary analysis of a study examining the relationships between imaging biomarkers in MS and cognitive tasks of executive functioning. The objective was to determine whether the overlapping test results could be judiciously combined and associated with clinical/demographic variables. Canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) was utilized, and it was found that differences between performance on untimed tests, and the sum of performance on timed Trail-Making Tests, Parts A and B, best matched clinical/demographic variables, and gender was the most important feature.

Cognitive Performance in Subjects With Multiple Sclerosis Is Robustly Influenced by Gender in Canonical-Correlation Analysis.

OBJECTIVE:
To measure the mean change in retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients treated with alemtuzumab over a 2-year period.
BACKGROUND:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrates progressive RNFL thinning in MS patients with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON), irrespective of disease modifying treatment. We evaluate whether alemtuzumab, a highly effective therapy for preventing relapses and slowing brain atrophy, will prevent RNFL thinning.
DESIGN/METHODS:
26 RRMS patients (mean age=35y, mean disease duration=5y, 77[percnt]F) at a single centre were treated with 2 courses of alemtuzumab in a prospective open-label study. Patients with a recent (≤1month) or new ON during the study were included (n=2). The Heidelberg Spectralis SD-OCT was used to obtain the RNFL thickness at baseline (≤1week prior to the first infusion) and at 6-monthly intervals to 2 years. EDSS and high contrast visual acuity were assessed at baseline and year 2.
RESULTS:
Over 2 years the change in average RNFL thickness for all eyes was +1.5μm (95[percnt] CI 0.2, 2.9; p=0.032). There were no significant differences in any of the quadrants. When excluding the values after a recent or new ON relapse, the overall change in average RNFL thickness was +2.3μm (95[percnt] CI 1.2, 3.5; p=0.0001). The baseline mean RNFL thickness of ON-eyes (84.0μm) and non-ON eyes (94.7μm) was significantly different (p=0.001). The rate of change over 2 years was similar for these two subgroups. There was an improvement in mean EDSS of -0.5 (p=0.049), but no significant difference in visual acuity (p=0.223) over the follow-up period.
CONCLUSIONS:
In contrast to the published natural history of progressive RNFL thinning in treated RRMS patients, this cohort is the first to demonstrate a measurable improvement over 2 years, suggesting that alemtuzumab may target mechanisms that promote neuroprotection on retinal axons.
Study Supported By:Genzyme Disclosure: Dr. Grant has received research support from Novartis. Dr. Lam has nothing to disclose. Dr. White has nothing to disclose. Dr. Robert L. Carruthers has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme as an consultant. Dr. Traboulsee has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme and Roche. Dr. Traboulsee has received research support from Genzyme, Roche, Chugai.

Prospective study of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness in Alemtuzumab Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients (P3.083)

Effect of inhibitory compounds found in biomass hydrolysates on growth and xylose fermentation by a genetically engineered strain of S. cerevisiae

Xylose fermentation by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae 259ST in spent sulfite liquor

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Papers

Cognitive Performance in Subjects With Multiple Sclerosis Is Robustly Influenced by Gender in Canonical-Correlation Analysis.

Prospective study of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness in Alemtuzumab Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients (P3.083)

Effect of inhibitory compounds found in biomass hydrolysates on growth and xylose fermentation by a genetically engineered strain of S. cerevisiae

Xylose fermentation by genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae 259ST in spent sulfite liquor