The recurrent xenophobic cultural environment in South Africa is both bloody and causes political fluidity. It is quite ironic that after twenty-one years of the first elections in South Africa, xenophobic violence against foreign nationals has worsened. Perhaps, such widespread xenophobic attacks have exploded since 1994 in provinces such as Gauteng, Western Cape, Free State, Limpopo and KwaZulu Natal.  There is a need for some fresh insights on the obvious psychological nature of the prevailing violence in a society that brags being democratic. It is thus important to contextualize some possible explanations behind this endless cycle of hate and violence against foreigners in South Africa. According to the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), xenophobia is “ the deep dislike of non-nationals by nationals of a recipient state. ” However, the term also reflects an acute state of hate, racism and violence, the usage of prejudiced discourses that stigmatize people, and the making of negative assumptions leading to grudge, revenge and destruction on the basis of nationality. This attitude towards foreigners is traced to different reasons. Some attribute it to scarce resources. Some ascribe it to the nature of society itself being destructive and antagonistic for different historical reasons. Some relate it to economic disparity and frustrations. Others find it rooted in the ethnic and racial identity of primordial societies. Still others claim that the locals believe that foreigners are criminals who are granted access to services and police protection, so they need to be pushed away by different types of harm (psychological, physical and killing).  In all cases, South Africa is facing a crisis of image restoration regarding the fact that its locals do not like the presence of refugees, asylum-seekers or foreigners in their communities, and that they will use what it takes to punish them for being on the South African soil. The present research not only aims to discuss xenophobia as a concept descriptive of a socially observable phenomenon, but also sets out to examine and compare cross-cultural scholarship on negative attitudes toward immigrants. The key issue that this research tackles is possible motivations, causes, and triggers of this violence.

Is it Really Xenophobia in South Africa or an Intentional Act of Prejudice

This Master Thesis deals with the portrayal of social tensions and acculturation perceptions resulting from German integration discourse. Wester, Pleijter, and Renckstorf‟s (2004) model for interpretative content analysis was applied to examine the portrayal of migrants and integration from three German online magazines. Germany‟s struggle with its multicultural aspect is described, a history of Germany as a multicultural society is provided, acculturation theory is described, the meaning of integration in Germany is illustrated, perceptions of Germans and foreigners on life in Germany are explored, and the role of the media in the integration discourse is introduced. Results show magazine portrayals of Germany as a functioning pluralistic society with integration deficiencies, in which integration is an important issue. Integration in Germany has a subtle undertone of assimilation, reflected in the view that migrants‟ are obligated to fulfill requirements that constitute successful integration. Integration problems are acknowledged that have existed in the past, exist today, and disturb the relationship between migrants and Germans. Migrants are blamed for integration problems, while the practice of Islam is causing friction in German society. The debate and images of migrants are portrayed as alienating migrants and leading them to question their understanding of themselves as part of German society.

/pdf/social-tensions-and-acculturation-portrayals-of-german-212llmczxq.pdf

Social Tensions and Acculturation: Portrayals of German Integration Discourse

Es ist eine bekannte Tatsache, dass Kultur als Lebensweise einer Gesellschaft die Merkmale dieser Gesellschaft beeinflusst, zu der sie gehört. Diese kulturellen Merkmale spiegeln sich in den literarischen Werken der jeweiligen Zeit wider und bieten den Lesern Informationen, Unterhaltung, neue und verschiedene Ansichten sowie historische, gesellschaftliche und soziale Fakten aus der Perspektive des Schriftstellers über die Sprache. Es ist auch bekannt, dass Schriftsteller dem Leser Bilder von verschiedenen Objekten, Ereignissen, Phänomenen und Eindrücken vermitteln, basierend auf ihrer eigenen Wahrnehmung und Interpretation. In literarischen Werken sind Bilder aufgrund ihrer Reflektion von historischen, sozialen und kulturellen Elementen der Gesellschaft von großer Bedeutung. Die Migrantenliteratur, die in den 60er Jahren mit der Migration der Türken nach Deutschland begann, hat Werke hervorgebracht, die Spuren von historischen, sozialen und kulturellen Elementen aus der Türkei und Deutschland tragen. Diese Werke zeugen von der Vergangenheit. Aras Ören, ein Schriftsteller der ersten Generation der Migrantenliteratur, gehört zu den ersten Schriftstellern, die nach Deutschland ausgewandert sind, und er lebt immer noch in Deutschland. Daher spielen seine Werke eine wichtige Rolle bei der Darstellung der Merkmale beider Kulturen, der Kulturkonflikte und insbesondere der Geschichte und Gegenwart der türkischen Migranten in Deutschland. In dieser Arbeit wird beabsichtigt, die Bilder der Türken in Deutschland in den Werken von Ören auf einer longitudinalen Ebene zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus zielt sie darauf ab, die Frage zu beantworten, wie Türken von Deutschen wahrgenommen werden und wie Türken Deutsche wahrnehmen, unter Verwendung einer leserzentrierten Analysetechnik. Zu diesem Zweck werden direkte Zitate aus den Werken verwendet, um Bilder von sozialen, historischen und gesellschaftlichen Fakten zu präsentieren, die in den Werken dargestellt werden.

Türkische Migrantenbilder in den Büchern von Aras Ören

Wilkinson, Jane, 'The Place of the European Foreigner in Contemporary German Drama', Third Text (2006) 20(6) pp.753-762 RAE2008 Special Issue: FORTRESS EUROPE: Migration, Culture and Representation

The Place of the European Foreigner in Contemporary German Drama

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The Place of the European Foreigner in Contemporary German Drama