The transition within business from a linear to a circular economy brings with it a range of practical challenges for companies. The following question is addressed: What are the product design and business model strategies for companies that want to move to a circular economy model? This paper develops a framework of strategies to guide designers and business strategists in the move from a linear to a circular economy. Building on Stahel, the terminology of slowing, closing, and narrowing resource loops is introduced. A list of product design strategies, business model strategies, and examples for key decision-makers in businesses is introduced, to facilitate the move to a circular economy. This framework also opens up a future research agenda for the circular economy.

/pdf/product-design-and-business-model-strategies-for-a-circular-27xi6fbnmo.pdf

Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy

This paper provides an overview of the contemporary debate on the concepts and definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Sustainability (CS). The conclusions, based on historical perspectives, philosophical analyses, impact of changing contexts and situations and practical considerations, show that "one solution fits all"-definition for CS(R) should be abandoned, accepting various and more specific definitions matching the development, awareness and ambition levels of organizations.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25075020.pdf

Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion

This paper shows that corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm value are positively related for firms with high customer awareness, as proxied by advertising expenditures. For firms with low customer awareness, the relation is either negative or insignificant. In addition, we find that the effect of awareness on the value-CSR relation is reversed for firms with a poor prior reputation as corporate citizens. This evidence is consistent with the view that CSR activities can add value to the firm but only under certain conditions.

The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value: The Role of Customer Awareness

Summary Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problemshifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional and EVs. We develop and provide a transparent life cycle inventory of conventional and electric vehicles and apply our inventory to assess conventional and EVs over a range of impact categories. We find that EVs powered by the present European electricity mix offer a 10% to 24% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) relative to conventional diesel or gasoline vehicles assuming lifetimes of 150,000 km. However, EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain. Results are sensitive to assumptions regarding electricity source, use phase energy consumption, vehicle lifetime, and battery replacement schedules. Because production impacts are more significant for EVs than conventional vehicles, assuming a vehicle lifetime of 200,000 km exaggerates the GWP benefits of EVs to 27% to 29% relative to gasoline vehicles or 17% to 20% relative to diesel. An assumption of 100,000 km decreases the benefit of EVs to 9% to 14% with respect to gasoline vehicles and results in impacts indistinguishable from those of a diesel vehicle. Improving the environmental profile of EVs requires engagement around reducing vehicle production supply chain impacts and promoting clean electricity sources in decision making regarding electricity infrastructure.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x

Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles

Chapter 4 – SOLAR UV IRRADIATION AND THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER PLANTS

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

At a time when unethical business practices continue to dominate the business press, PROFITS WITH PRINCIPLES offers persuasive proof that when businesses combine profit making with a concern for values and the greater good, they do better in the marketplace than those that concentrate only on the bottom line. In PROFITS WITH PRINCIPLES, Ira A. Jackson and Jane Nelson show the quantifiable and enduring business advantage to "doing the right thing." The companies profiled in PROFITS WITH PRINCIPLES-including Starbucks, Citigroup, Alcoa, General Motors, General Electric, Dupont, and Dell-come from different industries and have implemented different strategies to build trust and gain a competitive advantage. What they share, however, are basic operating principles of making values integral to the way they do business. By focusing on creating societal as well as shareholder value, they have built market share, improved risk management, enhanced innovation, strengthened consumer loyalty, and attracted the best talent. Jackson and Nelson's seven principles include Harness Innovation for the Public Good, as in the simple, low-cost water purifier from Proctor & Gamble that has the potential to save thousands of lives; Spread Economic Opportunity, exemplified by Marriott's "Pathways to Independence" program that creates job opportunities for former welfare recipients and gives the company a competitive advantage in the marketplace for low-skilled employees; and Put People at the Center, a value practiced by Alcoa that reduced its lost workday injury rate by more than 90% since 1988. This breakthrough guide on how companies can build trust and grow market share by making a difference opens the door to a new kind of capitalism, providing a wealth of infinitely useful and practical recommendations a company of any size can adapt.

Profits with Principles: Seven Strategies for Delivering Value with Values

An RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) has been purified from phage-SP01-infected Bacillus subtilis that copies RNA almost exclusively from the heavy strand of native SP01 DNA, the DNA strand from which "middle" and "late" classes of RNA are copied in vivo. Hybridization-competition established that this RNA polymerase termed enzyme A, preferentially synthesizes middle RNA in vitro. Enzyme A contains beta',beta, alpha, and two newly identified host polypeptides, variation of (21,500 daltons) and omega (11,000 daltons). All of these polypeptides are associated with highly purified RNA polymerase from uninfected bacteria. In addition, enzyme A contains phage-induced subunits of 26,000, 24,000, and 13,500 daltons. Enzyme A lacks sigma polypeptide, and strand-selective transcription by this enzyme is resistant to anti-sigma antibody. A reconstitution experiment strongly suggests that the host variation of protein is required in addition to a phage-induced subunit(s) (or an unidentified phage-induced modification) for strand-selective transcription of SP01 middle genes in vitro.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/72/4/1589.full.pdf

Highly asymmetric transcription by RNA polymerase containing phage-SP01-induced polypeptides and a new host protein.

Bacillus subtilis phage SP01 directs the synthesis of at least six temporally defined classes of phage-specified transcripts1. Synthesis of the two earliest classes of phage RNA (e and em) does not require phage protein synthesis, while the synthesis of middle (m and m1l) and late (m2l and l) transcripts requires the protein product of regulatory gene 28 and the products of regulatory genes 33 and 34, respectively2,3. The discovery of SP0l-induced polypeptides associated with B. subtilis RNA polymerase suggested that the products of SP01 regulatory genes could control transcription by interacting directly with the host RNA polymerase4,5. In support of this idea, we reported6 that a form of RNA polymerase from SP01-infected cells copies middle RNA almost exclusively from the heavy (H) strand of native SP01 DNA, the DNA strand from which middle and late genes are transcribed in vivo. This enzyme contains an SP01-induced polypeptide termed IV (molecular weight 26,000) that is now known to be the product of regulatory gene 28 (T. Fox, R. L. and J. P., manuscript in preparation). Accurate middle gene transcription by this phage-modified RNA polymerase does not require σ factor but is apparently dependent on a newly described host subunit of RNA polymerase called δ (molecular weight 21,500)6. Other workers have also reported the preferential synthesis of middle RNA by RNA polymerase from phage-infected B. subtilis7,8. Here we report that in the presence of host δ protein a form of RNA polymerase containing phage-induced polypeptides termed V (molecular weight 24,000) and VI (molecular weight 13,500) asymmetrically transcribes a class of SP01 late genes in vitro.

In vitro transcription of a late class of phage SP01 genes

The Operation of Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in a World of Corporate and Other Codes of Conduct

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