Food neophobia and 'picky/fussy' eating in children: a review.

Objective: Health advocates have focused on the prevalence of advertising for calorie-dense low-nutrient foods as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic This research tests the hypothesis that exposure to food advertising during TV viewing may also contribute to obesity by triggering automatic snacking of available food Design: In Experiments 1a and 1b, elementary-school-age children watched a cartoon that contained either food advertising or advertising for other products and received a snack while watching In Experiment 2, adults watched a TV program that included food advertising that promoted snacking and/or fun product benefits, food advertising that promoted nutrition benefits, or no food advertising The adults then tasted and evaluated a range of healthy to unhealthy snack foods in an apparently separate experiment Main Outcome Measures: Amount of snack foods consumed during and after advertising exposure Results: Children consumed 45% more when exposed to food advertising Adults consumed more of both healthy and unhealthy snack foods following exposure to snack food advertising compared to the other conditions In both experiments, food advertising increased consumption of products not in the presented advertisements, and these effects were not related to reported hunger or other conscious influences Conclusion: These experiments demonstrate the power of food advertising to prime automatic eating behaviors and thus influence far more than brand preference alone

/pdf/priming-effects-of-television-food-advertising-on-eating-5gf7jdytsa.pdf

Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior

Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods.

Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary

According to learning-based models of behavior, food cue reactivity and craving are conditioned responses that lead to increased eating and subsequent weight gain. However, evidence supporting this relationship has been mixed. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis to assess the predictive effects of food cue reactivity and craving on eating and weight-related outcomes. Across 69 reported statistics from 45 published reports representing 3,292 participants, we found an overall medium effect of food cue reactivity and craving on outcomes (r = 0.33, p < 0.001; approximately 11% of variance), suggesting that cue exposure and the experience of craving significantly influence and contribute to eating behavior and weight gain. Follow-up tests revealed a medium effect size for the effect of both tonic and cue-induced craving on eating behavior (r = 0.33). We did not find significant differences in effect sizes based on body mass index, age, or dietary restraint. However, we did find that visual food cues (e.g. pictures and videos) were associated with a similar effect size to real food exposure and a stronger effect size than olfactory cues. Overall, the present findings suggest that food cue reactivity, cue-induced craving and tonic craving systematically and prospectively predict food-related outcomes. These results have theoretical, methodological, public health and clinical implications.

/pdf/food-cue-reactivity-and-craving-predict-eating-and-weight-y3andrb1lu.pdf

Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review.

Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children.

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Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children.