Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement

Beneficial arthropods provide many important ecosystem services. In agroecosystems, pollination and control of crop pests provide benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Effective sampling and monitoring of these beneficial arthropods is essential for ensuring their short- and long-term viability and effectiveness. There are numerous methods available for sampling beneficial arthropods in a variety of habitats, and these methods can vary in efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper I review active and passive sampling methods for non-Apis bees and arthropod natural enemies of agricultural pests, including methods for sampling flying insects, arthropods on vegetation and in soil and litter environments, and estimation of predation and parasitism rates. Sample sizes, lethal sampling, and the potential usefulness of bycatch are also discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/9/4/170/pdf

A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods in Agroecosystems.

Summary


1
A new procedure for estimating the population densities of ground-dwelling arthropods with pitfall trapping is described. It couples the fitting of single hyperbolic functions to trap data with the use of a ‘nested-cross array’, a cross-shaped trap arrangement with distances between traps doubling with increasing distance from the central trap.

2
We used individual-based simulation modelling to test the method's reliability given changes in population density, turning rate, trapping period, beetle distribution and intertrap distance.

3
Simulations show that function fits are more likely, and density estimates more accurate, with greater body size and therefore with net displacement, increasing population density, decreasing aggregation and increased turning rate.

4
Simulation indicates that the method is a promising procedure for density estimation that is worth testing in the field. Reliable density estimates are possible if the traps contain a neutral preservative, arrays are established in nearly homogeneous parts of habitat and the arms of the nested-cross array are distant from habitat edges.

Estimating the density of ground-dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps using a nested-cross array

In den Jahren 1986 bis 1989 wurden Untersuchungen zur Aktivitatsdichte epigaischer Raubarthropoden (Araneae; Carabidae; Staphylinidae) in Winterweizenbestanden mittels Bodenfallen in der Nahe von Halle/Saale durchgefuhrt. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, Ergebnisse zur prozentualen Zusammensetzung der polyphagen Rauber, ihrer Aktivitatsdichte im Verlaufe der Vegetationsperiode und ihrer Dominanzstruktur zu ermitteln. Von besonderem Interesse waren die Laufkafer. Im Untersuchungszeitraum konnten 5 bis 7 Arten als eudominant bzw. dominant eingestuft werden. Am haufigsten war die Art Poecilus cupreus (L.), die mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1988 eine Aktivitatsdominanz von uber 30 % erreichte.
Erganzende Untersuchungen zur Siedlungsdichte der epigaischen Raubarthropoden fanden in den Jahren 1987 und 1988 statt. Dabei kamen die Quadratmetermethode (Leerfang), die Wiederfangmethode und das Aufschwemmverfahren zur Anwendung. Gute Resultate wurden vor allem mit der Quadratmetermethode erzielt. Die Anwendung der Methoden sollte entsprechend der jeweiligen Zielstellung der Untersuchungen gewahlt werden.

Aktivitäts- und Siedlungsdichte von epigäischen Raubarthropoden in Winterweizenfeldern im Raum Halle/Saale.

Weed harrowing is an alternative to herbicides but it may have negative effects on epigaeic arthropods. We assessed the effects of frequent (four) versus two harrowings during the growing season on the density and diversity of generalist arthropods and the weed flora. Collection by flooding was used to estimate arthropod densities, after collection of weeds and crop for biomass estimation.
The predatory guild of spiders Tachyporus spp. carabids was reduced by frequent harrowing. Spiders and Tachyporus spp. were the most sensitive, with up to 38% higher density in plots harrowed only twice compared with four times. Furthermore, a marginally significant decrease in arthropod diversity was found after four harrowings. The negative effect of frequent harrowing on arthropods was probably caused by a combination of direct lethal effects and habitat disruption. Additional harrowings reduced weeds with weed seed biomass, on average, being 77% higher and species diversity being 48% higher in plots harrowed only twice compared with four times. There was a positive relationship between weed biomass and predatory arthropod guild density, supporting the hypothesis that weeds promote generalist arthropod predators.
Weed harrowing should be carried out early and limited to a minimum to protect flora and fauna. Frequent harrowing had no positive effect on yield, suggesting that more weeds can be tolerated to support biodiversity and biocontrol.

Effects of weed harrowing frequency on beneficial arthropods, plants and crop yield

A new method for density estimation of small carabids is described. After application of water onto the soil in the field, beetles appeared on the soil surface where they could be collected. The dosages used were 20, 40 and 60 l/m2. The catches did not differ significantly between dosages. The method proved effective since the extracted soil, when controlled by flotation, did not contain any beetles.



Zusammenfassung

Feuchte Extraktion—eine Methode zur Dichtehestimmung von Bembidion lampros (Herbst) (Col., Carabidae)



Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Abundanz von kleinen Laufkafern (Carabidae) wird beschrieben. Nach Zufuhrung von Wasser zum Boden im Feld erschienen die Kafer auf der Erdoberflache, wo sie eingesammelt werden konnten. Die angewandten Dosen waren 20, 40 und 60 l/m2. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Fangen bei den verschiedenen Dosen. Es stellte sich heraus, das die Methode effektiv war, da der extrahierte Boden bei der Flotationskontrolle keine Kafer mehr enthielt.

Wet extraction ― a method for estimating populations of Bembidion lampros (Herbst) (Col., Carabidae)

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Wet extraction ― a method for estimating populations of Bembidion lampros (Herbst) (Col., Carabidae)