While some of the world's most productive agriculture is on artificially drained soils, drainage is increasingly perceived as a major contributor to detrimental off‐site environmental impacts. Howe...

Hydrologic and water quality impacts of agricultural drainage

Groundwater contamination potential from stormwater infiltration practices

[1] Dyes are important tracers to investigate subsurface water movement. For more than a century, dye tracers have provided clues about the hydrological cycle as well as flow and transport processes in the subsurface. Groundwater contamination often originates in the vadose zone. Agrochemicals applied to the soil surface, toxic compounds accidentally spilled by human activities, and contaminants released from waste repositories leach through the vadose zone and can ultimately pollute groundwater resources. Dyes are an important tool to assess flow pathways of such contaminants. This review compiles information on dyes used as hydrological tracers, with particular emphasis on vadose zone hydrology. We summarize briefly different human-applied tracers, including nondye tracers. We then provide a historical sketch of the use of dyes as tracers and describe newer developments in visualization and quantification of tracer experiments. Relevant chemical properties of dyes used as tracers are discussed and illustrated with dye intermediates and selected dye tracers. The types of dyes used as tracers in subsurface hydrology are summarized, and recommendations are made regarding the use of dye tracers. The review concludes with a toxicological assessment of dyes used as hydrological tracers. Many different dyes have been proposed as tracers for water movement in the subsurface. All of these compounds, however, are to some degree retarded by the subsurface medium. Nevertheless, dyes are useful tracers to visualize flow pathways.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001RG000109

Dyes as tracers for vadose zone hydrology

Over 70 pesticides have been detected in ground water. Aldicarb and atrazine along with the soil fumigants EDB and DCP and DBCP have been the pesticides most frequently detected in ground water. Atrazine concentrations have been correlated with high nitrate concentrations. The triazine herbicides, simazine and cyanazine, have also been detected in ground water. The annual amount of recharge, soil type, depth of aquifer from the surface, nitrate contamination and soil pH are important field parameters in determining ground-water contamination potential by pesticides. Pesticide leaching is reduced by proper choice of crop rotation, increasing pesticide application efficiency, and integrated pest management.

Pesticide contamination of ground water in the United States--a review.

Sorption of Brilliant Blue FCF in soils as affected by pH and ionic strength

Carbofuran, alachlor, atrazine, bromide (a tracer), and nitrate are applied to two tile‐drained plots of com, one of which is conventionally tilled and another that is no‐till. Soil water samples are collected from the plots with suction lysimeters and ground‐water samples are collected from wells and tile drains. The no‐till plot first showed low concentrations of atrazine and alachlor ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 μg/L below the root zone one month after application, but the conventionally tilled plot showed no pesticides below the root zone until late fall, when atrazine was detected at 0.4 μg/L. Dye studies indicated that, in the no‐till plots, some of the pesticide bypasses the root zone through surface‐connected ma‐cropores, whereas in the conventionally tilled plot, most of the pesticide is adsorbed within the root zone as a result of greater contact with the soil. Concentrations of bromide (which is not adsorbed) in samples collected from wells and suction lysimeters do not differ between the two plots....

Preferential movement of pesticides and tracers in agricultural soils

Carbofuran, alachlor, atrazine, nitrate and bromide (a tracer) were applied to plots with conventional and conservation tillage. During the early part of the growing season the conservation tilled plots had a higher tile discharge than those under conventional tillage due to dead sod cover that suppressed evapotranspiration. Low concentrations of atrazine and carbofuran were found below the rootzone in the conservation tilled plots starting one month after application. In the conventional tillage it was not until late fall that some atrazine was detected below the rootzone. Dye studies indicated that in the plowed layer of the conventional tilled plots water and solutes were in intimate contact with the soil matrix promoting adsorption of the pesticides. The bromide tracer was not adsorbed and the bromide distribution with depth was similar for both tillage practices.

Pesticide and Nitrate Movement Under Conservation and Conventional Tilled Plots

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Preferential movement of pesticides and tracers in agricultural soils

Pesticide and Nitrate Movement Under Conservation and Conventional Tilled Plots