The Global Expansion of Judicial Power

นบตงแตภายหลงสงครามโลกครงท 2 เปนตนมา ไดเกดความเปลยนแปลง เกยวกบบทบาทของฝายตลาการอยางสำคญ การจดทำรฐธรรมนญของหลายประเทศ ทเกดขนในหวงเวลานไดมการจดตงศาลรฐธรรมนญขนมาทำหนาทชขาดขอพพาทท เกยวของกบรฐธรรมนญ ซงการทำหนาทของศาลรฐธรรมนญในลกษณะนไดขยาย ขอบเขตไปอยางกวางขวาง ทงประเดนเรองสทธเสรภาพของประชาชน การปกปอง สทธของชนกลมนอย การคมครองสงแวดลอม และเฉพาะอยางยงกบปญหาความขด แยงทางการเมอง ซงปรากฏการณดงกลาวนถกเรยกวาเปน “การเมองเชงตลาการ”การขยายบทบาทของฝายตลาการไดถกทำใหเกดการตงคำถามในดาน ของแนวคดและผลกระทบทเกดขนในความเปนจรง ในดานของแนวคดจะพบวา การเมองเชงตลาการมความแตกตางไปอยางมากจากแนวความคดเรองหลกการ แบงแยกอำนาจ ซงบทบาทหนาทของฝายตลาการจะถกจำกดไวเพยงการวนจฉย ประเดนปญหาทางกฎหมายในขอพพาทตางๆ ขณะทการศกษาถงผลทเกดขนจรง กจะพบวาการทำหนาทของฝายตลาการในลกษณะดงกลาวนไมเพยงสงผลกระทบตอ การสงเสรมสทธเสรภาพของประชาชนเทานน หากยงสามารถทำใหเกดปญหา ในทางการเมองตดตามมาดวยเชนกน Since World War II, there is a significant change on the role of the judicial power. Postwar constitutions recognize the establishment of special constitutional courts to safeguard the constitutional rights. Constitutional court jurisdiction expands extensively including the people’s rights, environmental protection and political conflict. This incident is widely known as “judicialization of politics”.The expansion of the judicial power leads to the conceptual question and the “de facto” effect. Concept of judicialization of politics is different from the idea of separation of powers in which the role of judiciary limits to legal problem. But the concept of judicializa­tion of politics advocates the role of the judicial powers. However, there are many studies suggests that the role of judiciary not only create the positive but also the negative effect in the politics.

การเมืองเชิงตุลาการ Judicialization of Politics

The article investigates and theorises different forms and patterns of resistance to international courts and develops an analytical framework for explaining their variability. In order to make intelligible the resistance that many international courts are currently facing, the article first unpacks the concept of resistance. It then introduces a key distinction between mere pushback from individual member states or other actors, seeking to influence the future direction of a court’s case law, and actual backlash – a critique triggering significant institutional reform or even the dismantling of tribunals. On the basis on the proposed theoretical framework, the article provides a roadmap for empirical studies of resistance to ICs, considering the key contextual factors necessary to take into account in such studies.

Backlash Against International Courts: Explaining the Forms and Patterns of Resistance to International Courts

Pandemic backsliding: Violations of democratic standards during Covid-19.

• COVID-19 pandemic expedites the development of digital technologies to tackle the spread of the virus but the adoption and utilization of these technologies by the affected populace has been a daunting task. • An exploratory investigation of the factors influencing the behavioural intention of people to accept COVID-19 digital tackling technologies (CDTT) using the UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) framework was carried out. • The study applied principal components analysis and multiple regression analysis for hypotheses testing. • The study revealed that performance expectancy (PE), facilitating conditions (FC) and social influence (SI) are the best predictors of people's BI to accept CDTT. Also, organizational influence and benefit (OIB) and government expectancy and benefits (GEB) influence the people's BI. • The path diagram and hypothesis testing results for CDTT acceptance and use helps the government and private organizations in planning and responding to the digitalization of COVID-19 protective measures and hence revise the COVID-19 health protection regulation in developing economies like Nigeria. COVID-19 pandemic expedites the development of digital technologies to tackle the spread of the virus. Several digital interventions have been deployed to reduce the catastrophic impact of the pandemic and observe preventive measures. However, the adoption and utilization of these technologies by the affected populace has been a daunting task. Therefore, this study carried out exploratory investigation of the factors influencing the behavioural intention (BI) of people to accept COVID-19 digital tackling technologies (CDTT) using the UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) framework. The study applied principal components analysis and multiple regression analysis for hypotheses testing. The study revealed that performance expectancy (PE), facilitating conditions (FC) and social influence (SI) are the best predictors of people's BI to accept CDTT. Also, organizational influence and benefit (OIB) and government expectancy and benefits (GEB) influence the people's BI. However, variables such as age, gender and voluntariness to use CDTT have no significance to influence BI because the CDTT is still nascent and not easily accessible. The results show that the decision-makers and regulators should consider inciting variables such as PE, FC, SI, OIB and GEB, that motivate the acceptance and use of CDTT. Furthermore, the populace must be sensitized to the availability and use of CDTT in all communities. Also, the path diagram and hypothesis testing results for CDTT acceptance and use, will help government and private organizations in planning and responding to the digitalization of COVID-19 protective measures and hence revise the COVID-19 health protection regulation. 

A modified UTAUT model for the acceptance and use of digital technology for tackling COVID-19

Extraordinary limitation of certain fundamental rights seems necessary in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic Many countries have declared a state of emergency for that purpose Yet, there is also a ri

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20508840.2020.1788232

The COVID-19 emergency in the age of executive aggrandizement: what role for legislative and judicial checks?

The Supreme Administrative Court

The European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) suffers from the burgeoning caseload and challenges to its authority. This two-pronged crisis undermines the ECtHR’s legitimacy and consequently the functioning of the whole European human rights regime. Domestic courts can serve as welcome allies of the Strasbourg Court. They have a potential to diffuse Convention norms domestically, and therefore prevent and filter many potential human rights violations. Yet, we know very little about how domestic courts actually treat the Strasbourg Court’s rulings. This book brings unique empirical findings on how often, how and with what consequences domestic judges work with the ECtHR’s case law. It moves beyond the narrow concept of compliance and develops a new three-level methodology for analysing the role played by domestic courts in the implementation of ECtHR case law. Moreover, using the example of Czechia, it shifts the attention from Western countries to a more volatile Central and Eastern European region, which has recently witnessed democratic backsliding and backlash against international checks on human rights and the rule of law standards. Looking at a wider social and legal context, this book identifies factors helping transitional countries to adapt to regional human rights regimes.
The work will be an essential resource for students, academics and policy-makers working in the areas of Constitutional law, Politics and Human Rights law. Its global appeal is enhanced by the methodological framework which is applicable in other international systems.

Domestic Judicial Treatment of European Court of Human Rights Case Law: Beyond Compliance

Constitutional courts are regularly depicted as the European
Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) partners which contribute
significantly to domestic implementation of the ECtHR’s case
law. This article acknowledges the constitutional courts’
importance in the implementation of ECHR rights, however, it
argues that the domestic implementation environment is more
complex and asks for a more nuanced approach to assessing the
role of constitutional courts in implementing the ECtHR case
law. The article offers a typology of constitutional courts’
roles in mechanisms of implementation of the ECtHR’s case law.
The typology aims to provide a more nuanced picture of
constitutional court’s roles as it takes into account their
interactions with other domestic actors during different stages
of implementation, and their different postures towards the
ECtHR’s judgments. Informed by the typology, the article
revisits the debate about the significance of constitutional
courts in the ECHR system.

Unpacking the partnership: typology of constitutional courts’ roles in implementation of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law

Tento clanek se věnuje zakladnim aspektům „case study
přistupu“, který představuje jednu z možnosti, jak posilit
teoretický potencial výzkumu v pravu. Nejprve vysvětlujeme, co
je to „připad“ a jake jsou možnosti zobecněni zavěrů ziskaných
podrobným studiem jednoho ci několika malo připadů. Hlavni cast
clanku se pak zaměřuje na otazku výběru připadů do teoreticky
orientovaných jednopřipadových i vicepřipadových studii. Clanek
se vyslovuje ve prospěch teorii řizeneho výběru připadů a
pojednava o pěti zakladnich technikach takoveho výběru – jedna
se o typický připad, nejsložitějsi připad, deviantni připad,
nejpodobnějsi připady a nejodlisnějsi připady. U každe techniky
pro ilustraci a lepsi pochopeni metodologických principů
uvadime přiklady z výzkumů na pomezi prava a politologie.

Jak vybrat „případy“ do případové studie a pracovat s nimi vprávu: poznatky z výzkumu na pomezí práva a politologie

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