Background Stress perception is highly subjective, and so the complexity of nursing practice may result in variation between nurses in their identification of sources of stress, especially when the workplace and roles of nurses are changing, as is currently occurring in the United Kingdom health service This could have implications for measures being introduced to address problems of stress in nursing

Aims  To identify nurses’ perceptions of workplace stress, consider the potential effectiveness of initiatives to reduce distress, and identify directions for future research

Method  A literature search from January 1985 to April 2003 was conducted using the key words nursing, stress, distress, stress management, job satisfaction, staff turnover and coping to identify research on sources of stress in adult and child care nursing Recent (post-1997) United Kingdom Department of Health documents and literature about the views of practitioners was also consulted

Findings  Workload, leadership/management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring have been the main sources of distress for nurses for many years, but there is disagreement as to the magnitude of their impact Lack of reward and shiftworking may also now be displacing some of the other issues in order of ranking Organizational interventions are targeted at most but not all of these sources, and their effectiveness is likely to be limited, at least in the short to medium term Individuals must be supported better, but this is hindered by lack of understanding of how sources of stress vary between different practice areas, lack of predictive power of assessment tools, and a lack of understanding of how personal and workplace factors interact

Conclusions  Stress intervention measures should focus on stress prevention for individuals as well as tackling organizational issues Achieving this will require further comparative studies, and new tools to evaluate the intensity of individual distress

Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review.

This study, among 109 German nurses, tested a theoretically derived model of burnout and overall life satisfaction. The model discriminates between two conceptually different categories of working conditions, namely job demands and job resources. It was hypothesized that: (1) job demands, such as demanding contacts with patients and time pressure, are most predictive of exhaustion; (2) job resources, such as (poor) rewards and (lack of) participation in decision making, are most predictive of disengagement from work; and (3) job demands and job resources have an indirect impact on nurses' life satisfaction, through the experience of burnout (i.e., exhaustion and disengagement). A model including each of these relationships was tested simultaneously with structural equations modelling. Results confirm the strong effects of job demands and job resources on exhaustion and disengagement respectively, and the mediating role of burnout between the working conditions and life satisfaction. These findings contribute to existing knowledge about antecedents and consequences of occupational burnout, and provide guidelines for interventions aimed at preventing or reducing burnout among nurses.

A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurses.

Purpose:To investigate (a) the effect of job-related stress on job performance among hospital nurses, and (b) the effect of social support from coworkers on the stress-performance relationship.

Design:A correlational descriptive survey was used to investigate these relationships among a convenience sample of 263 American hospital nurses and 40 non-American nurses who were accessible via the Internet.

Methods:Data were collected using a Web-based structured questionnaire, which included the Nursing Stress Scale, the Schwirian Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance, the McCain and Marklin Social Integration Scale, and the demographic form. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, and hierarchical regression techniques were used to analyze the data.

Findings:Perceived social support from coworkers enhanced the level of reported job performance and decreased the level of reported job stress. The analysis also indicated a curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship between job stress and job performance; nurses who reported moderate levels of job stress believed that they performed their jobs less well than did those who reported low or high levels of job stress.

Conclusions:Results indicted the importance of social support from coworkers, as well as the need for further research to test the U-shaped relationship between job stress and job performance.

Job Stress, Job Performance, and Social Support Among Hospital Nurses

OBJECTIVE: The authors systematically reviewed the literature on psychological approaches to treating the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. METHOD: Reports of studies that examined effects of any therapy derived from a psychological approach that satisfied prespecified criteria were reviewed. Data were extracted, the quality of each study was rated, and an overall rating was given to each study by using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1,632 studies were identified, and 162 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the review. Specific types of psychoeducation for caregivers about managing neuropsychiatric symptoms were effective treatments whose benefits lasted for months, but other caregiver interventions were not. Behavioral management techniques that are centered on individual patients’ behavior or on caregiver behavior had similar benefits, as did cognitive stimulation. Music therapy and Snoezelen, and possibly sensory stimulation, were useful during the tre...

/pdf/systematic-review-of-psychological-approaches-to-the-34jxlby7bl.pdf

Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia

Inappropriate behaviors are very common in dementia and impose an enormous toll both emotionally and financially. Three main psychosocial theoretical models have generally been utilized to explain inappropriate behaviors in dementia: the "unmet needs" model, a behavioral/learning model, and an environmental vulnerability/reduced stress-threshold model. A literature search yielded 83 nonpharmacological intervention studies, which utilized the following categories of interventions: sensory, social contact (real or simulated), behavior therapy, staff training, structured activities, environmental interventions, medical/nursing care interventions, and combination therapies. The majority are reported to have a positive, albeit not always significant, impact. Better matching of the available interventions to patients' needs and capabilities may result in greater benefits to patients and their caregivers.

https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/foc.2.2.288

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Inappropriate Behaviors in Dementia: A Review, Summary, and Critique

This study examined differences in nurses' fear of death and level of comfort with patients having a poor prognosis for survival, as a function of the nurses' occupational level, work setting, and level of exposure to such patients. In addition, the relationship among the multidimensional aspects of fear of death and level of comfort with patients' poor prognosis was assessed. The sample included 312 professional and paraprofessional nurses who worked in hospitals and nursing homes. Level of comfort with working with dying patients was found to differ significantly by exposure to such patients and by occupational role. Fear of death for significant others was found to differ significantly by work setting. Finally, a significant inverse relationship was found between comfort working with dying patients and overall fear of death. Suggestions for future research are presented.

Nurses' fear of death and comfort level with dying patients.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have helped heterosexuals, lesbians, and gays fulfill desires to become parents. In this article, we identify assumptions upon which parentage rights in the United States are based. Examining recent legal decisions in California concerning 3 families headed by lesbian parents who used ARTs, we find that existing law inadequately addresses the circumstances of same-gender parents. Using the concepts of child-centered analysis and moral parenthood, we build policy recommendations that can serve as guidelines for states in developing comprehensive legislation. These recommendations ensure equity in court decision making for same-gender couples and their children.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20456799.pdf

“Whose Child Is This?”: Determining Legal Status for Lesbian Parents Who Used Assisted Reproductive Technologies*

∗ Presented at National Council on Family Relations. Atlanta, November 1987 ∗ Funding from the University of Wisconsin‐Stout Faculty Initiative Research Grant is gratefully acknowledged

A child bereavement training program for parents

The purpose of this article is to evaluate a pedagological tool for student's study of death and bereavement. Previous research suggests that students may be more willing to discuss issues associated with death through written correspondence rather than through oral communication. However, despite these efforts there are still students who experience great difficulty in expressing themselves fully in class—by no fault of the teacher—but merely due to the student's own disposition. Based on the data, it appears as if journal writing may offer a way around this difficulty. Data were collected from two sites: a private college in New England and a Midwestern state university. Common themes that students stated effected their experiences with death included reactions of significant others to the death in question, the funeral services provided, and the familial events postfuneral. The limitations and benefits of using journaling as a pedagological tool for a bereavement course are discussed. Using pr...

Using Students' Journals about Death Experiences as a Pedagological Tool

The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of Video Respite™ in reducing agitated behaviors and increasingpositive social behaviors in cognitively impairednursing home residents. Video RespiteTM is a series of 10 videotapes specifically designed to capture long term memory and maintain the attention ofpatients with dementia. Remembering when, a 21-minute Video Respite™ tape was utilized as the intervention. For this study, 36 residents in three nursing homes were observedpre-, during andpostintervention. Findings revealed that the video was not significantly effective in reducing agitation; however, it was significantly effective in increasing positive behaviors during the intervention. We offer suggestions to practitioners for use of this video in the context of nursing homes

Video RespiteM for cognitively impaired persons In nursing homes

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