Energy-related approach for reduction of CO2 emissions: A strategic review on the port-to-ship pathway

DC distribution is now becoming the major trend of future mobile power systems, such as more-electric aircrafts and ships. As dc distribution has different nature to the conventional ac system, a new design of well-structured control and management methods will be mandatory. In this paper, a shipboard power system with dc distribution and energy storage system (ESS) is picked as the study case. To meet the requirement of control and management of such a large-scale mobile power system, a hierarchical control design is proposed in this paper. In order to fully exploit the benefit of the ESS, as well as to overcome the limitation in controllability, a novel inverse-droop control method is proposed, in which the power sharing is according to the source characteristic, instead of their power rating. A frequency-division method is also proposed as an extension to the inverse-droop method for enabling a hybrid ESS and its autonomous operation. On the basis of the proposed methods, the control methods for management and voltage restoration levels are also proposed to establish a comprehensive control solution. Real-time simulations are carried out to validate the performance of the proposed control design under different operating conditions. When compared to more conventional droop-based approaches, the new proposal shows enhancement in efficiency.

/pdf/hierarchical-control-design-for-a-shipboard-power-system-4fir6bu76s.pdf

Hierarchical Control Design for a Shipboard Power System With DC Distribution and Energy Storage Aboard Future More-Electric Ships

The electric propulsion system as a green solution for management strategy of CO2 emission in ocean shipping: A comprehensive review

This paper studies the robust operation of a novel hybrid AC/DC multi-energy ship (MES) microgrid with flexible thermal loads and voyage. Apart from the diesel generators and battery storage, the photovoltaic system, combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) unit, thermal storage and power-to-thermal conversion unit are also included. Then, to guarantee a safe and reliable voyage, the diverse uncertainties from renewable energies, onboard power loads and outdoor temperature are addressed by a robust coordination method. This method coordinates all the onboard units in different timescales by the two-stage robust optimization (RO) approach. In this regard, the ship operating cost is minimized under the worst case of uncertainties, at the same time, all the operational constraints are fully satisfied. By the constraint linearization process, the robust coordination model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved by the efficient Cplex solver. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the case study and comparisons with the existing ship operation benchmarks. The simulation results indicate that our method could reduce the ship operating cost and immune against the diverse uncertainties.

Robust Coordination of a Hybrid AC/DC Multi-Energy Ship Microgrid With Flexible Voyage and Thermal Loads

The recent trends to design more efficient and versatile maritime (both marine and offshore) vessels have attracted significant attention toward high penetration of power electronics systems in electric ship systems, which trigged a variety of power system architectures in civilian and naval ships. The availability of advanced power electronics converters further supported to improve maneuverability, efficiency, and compactness at reduced greenhouse gas emission in marine vessels. The fast-growing penetration of these power electronics converters adds a number of advantages to the ship power system. However, risk factors associated with the quality and reliability of the whole system should be considered. Power quality issues in marine networks have been reported from recent field accidents, therefore, the marine regulatory bodies need to revise and/or develop new power quality standards to ensure the reliability and scrutinize the safety of the whole ship system and crews. This paper presents 1) a classification of marine vessels and their power system architectures; 2) power electronics converters topologies and their non-linear characteristics; 3) control and protection architecture; 4) energy efficiency indicators; 5) a comprehensive case study to elaborate power quality in the marine system, and; 6) extensive discussion about power quality standards and highlights the urgency to update existing power quality standards.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-maritime-microgrids-system-3rv8h94rfi.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Maritime Microgrids: System Architectures, Energy Efficiency, Power Quality, and Regulations

Electric propulsion has emerged as one of the most efficient propulsion arrangements for several vessel types over the last decades. Even though examples can be found in the history at the end of 19th century, and further into the 20th century, the modern use of electric propulsion started in the 1980s along with the development of semiconductor switching devices to be used in high power drives (dc drives and later ac-to-ac drives). This development opened up for full rpm control of propellers and thrusters, and thereby enabling a simplification of the mechanical structure. However, the main reason for using electric propulsion in commercial ship applications is the potential for fuel savings compared to equivalent mechanical alternatives, except for icebreakers where the performance of an electric powered propeller is superior to a combustion engine powered propeller. The fuel saving potential lies within the fact that the applicable vessels have a highly varying operation profile and are seldom run at full power. This favors the power plant principle in which electric power can be produced at any time with optimum running of prime movers, e.g., diesel engines, by turning on and off units depending on the power demand for propulsion and other vessel loads. Icebreakers were among the first vessels to take advantage of this technology later followed by cruise vessel, and the offshore drilling vessels operating with dynamic positioning (DP). The converter technology was rapidly developing and soon the dc drives were replaced with ac drives. In the same period electric propulsion emerged as basic standard for large cruise liners, and DP operated drilling vessels, but also found its way into other segments as shuttle tankers, ferries, and other special vessels. At the same time podded propulsion were introduced, where the electric motor was mounted directly on the propeller shaft in a submerged 360 $^{\circ}$ steerable pod, adding better efficiency, improved maneuvering, and reduced installation space/cost to the benefits of electric propulsion. The future trends are now focusing on further optimization of efficiency by allowing multiple energy sources, independent operation of individual power producers, and energy storage for various applications, such as power back up, peak shaving, or emission free operation (short voyages).

History and State of the Art in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends

HistoryandStateoftheArt in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends This paper describes the history of electric ship propulsion development and application in commercial ships, and the role of power electronic drives in optimizing the efficiency of an integrated power system.

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History and State of the Art in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends