The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.

In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S2211285521008466

The nanoscale distribution of copper and its influence on charge collection in CdTe solar cells

Energy demands are increasing day by day because almost all equipment that supports human activities uses electrical energy. CIGS solar cells are an energy source that is environmentally friendly, renewable, and has high efficiency. Selenium is one of the materials used in making solar cell CIGS. However, researchers often find the problems of this material hard to dissolve compared to other materials (copper, indium, and gallium). Therefore, in this study, pure selenium will be synthesized to produce selenium dioxide (SeO2) as a material for making solar cell CIGS with electrodeposition. The XRF  showed the resulting selenium dioxide of 99.077%, SEM-EDX showed At% selenium from SeO2 greater than pure selenium, XRD showed CIGS orientation on (211) and (105).

/pdf/electrodeposition-technique-to-fabrication-cigs-using-pure-2yhiqqag.pdf

Electrodeposition Technique to Fabrication CIGS using Pure Selenium and SeO2 as Selenium Source

A fully encapsulated c-Si solar cell was evaluated using focused X-ray and laser beams to probe the microscopic electrical performance and composition. Particular emphasis was placed on the influence of the silver fingers on the laser (LBIC) and X-ray beam induced current (XBIC). Therefore, an uncommonly high X-ray energy of 28keV was utilized for maximum sensitivity to the Ag distribution measured by X-ray fluorescence through the back sheet. The direct comparison of LBIC and XBIC measurements yields a comprehensive picture of these techniques, illustrating the advantages and challenges of both approaches. Specifically, the effect of heavy elements acting as a secondary photon source that increase the XBIC signal is discussed and supported by Monte-Carlo simulations.

Comparison of XBIC and LBIC measurements of a fully encapsulated c-Si solar cell

A newly designed setup to perform steady-state X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy and simultaneous XEOL and X-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization at beamline P65 of PETRA III is described. The XEOL setup is equipped with a He-flow cryostat and state-of-the-art optical detection system, which covers a wide wavelength range of 300-1700 nm with a high spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. To demonstrate the setup functioning, low-temperature XEOL studies on polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin film, single-crystalline GaN thin film and single-crystalline ZnO bulk semiconductor samples are performed. 

/pdf/high-resolution-xeol-spectroscopy-setup-at-the-x-ray-3e2fdmms.pdf

High-resolution XEOL spectroscopy setup at the X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline P65 of PETRA III

Inhomogeneities and defects often limit the overall performance of thin-film solar cells. Therefore, sophisticated microscopy approaches are sought to characterize performance and defects at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the simultaneous assessment of composition, structure, and performance in four-fold multi-modality. Using scanning X-ray microscopy of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell, we measured the elemental distribution of the key absorber elements, the electrical and optical response, and the phase shift of the coherent X-rays with nanoscale resolution. We found structural features in the absorber layer—interpreted as voids—that correlate with poor electrical performance and point towards defects that limit the overall solar cell efficiency.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/1/228/pdf

Four-Fold Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy Measurements of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cell.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1189/pdf

Erratum: Ossig, C., et al. Four-Fold Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy Measurements of a Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Solar Cell. Materials 2021, 14, 228.

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Four-Fold Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy Measurements of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cell.

Erratum: Ossig, C., et al. Four-Fold Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy Measurements of a Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Solar Cell. Materials 2021, 14, 228.