High-rate tests on resistive plate chambers operated with eco-friendly gas mixtures

/pdf/eco-friendly-gas-mixtures-for-future-rpc-detectors-11ie0fh9.pdf

Eco-friendly gas mixtures for future RPC detectors


 A revised set of electron-molecule-scattering cross section for the refrigerant R134a (CF3CH2F) is presented. Swarm studies acquired on a Pulsed Townsend apparatus experimentally verified the electron-transport-coefficient simulations. Increasing the cross sections' quality enhances the accuracy in modelling particle detectors operating with R134a, as the cross sections serve as input for the simulations.

Electron Scattering Cross Sections of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a)

Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are gaseous detectors with high performance, robustness, and construction simplicity used for many years in HEP experiments. In this work, prototypes with 1.0 mm gas gap thickness and 1.43 mm HPL electrode thickness, are characterized. The prototypes were tested under a muon beam and different intensities of gamma background radiation at GIF++ to measure the muon efficiency, muon cluster size, and time resolution among other performance features related to the 1.0 mm-gap thickness. As well, the last section reports the results of the detector response using eco-friendly gas mixtures based on HFO (R1234-ze) and CO2. 

Characterization of a innovative RPC prototype with 1.0 mm of gas gap thickness

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) program will pose a great challenge for the different components of the CMS Muon Detector. Existing systems, which consist of Drift Tubes (DT), Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) and Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC), will have to operate at 5 times higher instantaneous luminosity than the designed for, and, consequently, will have to sustain about 10 times the expected LHC integrated luminosity. Additionally, to cope with the high rate environment maintaining a good performance, additional Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) and improved RPC (iRPC) detectors will be installed in the innermost region of the forward muon spectrometer of the CMS experiment. The design of these new detectors will have to assure their long-time operation in a hard environment. Finally, RPC and CSC use gases with a global warming potential (GWP) and therefore a search for new eco-friendly gases is necessary, as part of the CERN-wide program. To address all of these challenges a series of accelerated irradiation studies have been performed for all the muons systems, mainly at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), or with specific X-ray sources. In this summary will be reported the status of the studies on the longevity of the different systems of the CMS Muon Detector, after the large integrated charge in the last years. Additionally, actions taken to reduce the actual detector aging and to minimize greenhouse gas consumption will be discussed. 

Longevity studies for the CMS Muon System towards HL-LHC

Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely used at the CERN LHC experiments as muon trigger thanks to their excellent time resolution. 
They are operated with a Freon-based gas mixture containing $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$, both greenhouse gases (GHG) with a very high global warming potential (GWP).
The search of new environmentally friendly gas mixtures is necessary to reduce GHG emissions and costs as well as to optimize RPC performance.
Several recently available gases with low GWP have been identified as possible replacements for $C_2 H_2 F_4$ and $SF_6$.
In particular, eco-friendly gas mixtures based on the HFO-1234ze have been investigated on 1.4 and 2 mm single-gap and double-gap RPCs.
The RPC detectors have been tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides a high energy muon beam combined with an intense gamma source allowing to simulate the background expected at HL-LHC.
The performance of RPCs were studied at different gamma rates with the new environmentally friendly gases by measuring ohmic and physics currents, fluorine radicals and HF production, rate capability and induced charge.
Preliminary results on the long-term effects on the performance of the detectors are presented in this study.

/pdf/studies-of-rpc-detector-operation-with-eco-friendly-gas-8v4h6ffks7.pdf

Studies of RPC detector operation with eco-friendly gas mixtures under irradiation at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility

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Studies of RPC detector operation with eco-friendly gas mixtures under irradiation at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility