Soil quality assessment could become more standardized with the development of a simple, rapid, and reliable method for quantifying potential soil biological activity. We evaluated the flush of CO 2 following rewetting of dried soil under standard laboratory conditions as a method to estimate an active organic matter fraction. The flush of CO 2 following rewetting of dried soil (3 d incubation at 50% water-filled pore space and 25°C) was assessed for 20 soil series containing a wide range of organic C (20 ± 13 g kg -1 ) from Alberta-British Columbia, Maine, Texas, and Georgia. This flush of CO 2 explained 97% of the variability in cumulative C mineralization during 24 d [y = 12 + 3.3(x); n = 471], 86% of the variability in soil microbial biomass C [y = 337 + 2.4(x); n 399], and 67% of the variability in net N mineralization during 24 d [y = 18 + 0.10(x) - 0.00002(x) 2 ; n = 327]. Accounting for geographical differences in mean annual temperature and precipitation, which could affect soil organic matter quality, further improved relationships between the flush of CO 2 and active, passive, and total C and N pools. Measuring the flush of CO 2 following rewetting of dried soil may have value for routine soil testing of biological soil quality because it (i) is an incubation procedure patterned after natural occurrences in most soils, (ii) exhibits strong overall relationships with active organic pools, (iii) shows relatively minor changes in relationships with active organic pools that may lie due to climatic variables, (iv) has a simple setup with minimal equipment requirements, and (v) has rapid analysis time.

Flush of carbon dioxide following rewetting of dried soil relates to active organic pools.

Use and management of organic waste/residues is currently an important global issue for attaining sustainability in agricultural production. However, knowledge about the decomposition characteristics and nutrient release pattern of added organic materials in subtropical soils and their interaction with inherent soil properties are lacking. Thus, laboratory incubation studies were carried out under aerobic conditions with crop residues and chicken manure (1%) applied to six contrasting soils. In all cases, CO2–C effluxes peaked by day 9 and the active C release phase persisted until day 25, indicating that priming effects might have occurred. The high pH and non-calcareous soils had higher CO2 effluxes than the acidic soils. The relative loss of added C differed between soils and its magnitude depended on the decomposable characteristics of the added organic materials, with chicken manure>mungbean residue>wheat residue. Rapid ammonification with presumed immobilization occurred up to day 15. Thereafter, NH 4 + oxidation took place in the high pH and non-calcareous soils, with chicken manure exhibiting the greatest nitrification. By contrast, the acidic soils predominantly accumulated NH 4 + , thereby showing higher net N mineralization. In the acidic soils, nitrification was either small or stable, with the process being limited by the addition of organic materials with a high C/N ratio. Some disappearances of NO 3 − also indicated that N immobilization and/or denitrification had taken place. As such, the decomposition rate constant (k) correlated well either with pH alone (R2=0.59***) or coupled with C/N ratio (R2=0.61***) of the organic materials. The net N mineralization and nitrification showed a similar trend (R2=0.26–0.42*), although these processes were mostly regulated by the different soil factors. Our results reveal that the parameters pH and C/N ratio of organic materials should be included in equations to calculate the quality of added organic matter. Our newly proposed equations, incorporated as the organic matter quality index (OMQI), can predict k, net N mineralization and nitrification in different soil types under aerobic conditions, and it could be further improved by also considering inherent soil factors.

Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in different upland soils of the subtropics treated with organic materials

The use of biofertilizers is important for sustainable agriculture, and the use of nodule bacteria and endophytic actinomycetes is an attractive way to enhance plant growth and yield. This study tested the effects of a biofertilizer produced from Bradyrhizobium strains and Streptomyces griseoflavus on leguminous, cereal, and vegetable crops. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay. Under N-limited or N-supplemented conditions, the biofertilizer significantly promoted the shoot and root growth of mung bean, cowpea, and soybean compared with the control. Therefore, the biofertilizer used in this study was effective in mung bean, cowpea, and soybean regardless of N application. In this study, significant increments in plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake, and seed yield were found in mung beans and soybeans. Therefore, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 plus Bradyrhizobium elkanii BLY3-8 and Streptomyces griseoflavus are effective bacteria that can be used together as biofertilizer for the production of economically important leguminous crops, especially soybean and mung bean. The biofertilizer produced from Bradyrhizobium and S. griseoflavus P4 will be useful for both soybean and mung bean production.

Effects of biofertilizer produced from bradyrhizobium and streptomyces griseoflavus on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean

A long-term experiment (LTE) on a rice-wheat system was initiated in 1963 at the Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, in Fukuoka, Japan, to determine the effects of continuous application of rye grass/wheat straw, rice straw and rice straw compost, alone or in combination with inorganic N on crop yields. Increase in rice yields and enhancement of total soil C and N contents with the application of organic residues in this LTE have been reported earlier. However, evaluation of the changes in the soil microbiological properties and the decomposable C fraction of soil organic matter that is needed for soil quality assessment is still lacking. Soil samples were collected after rice harvest in 2003 from the organic residue treatments and unfertilized control, air-dried and incubated for 1 month under aerobic [50% water-filled pore space (WFPS)] and flooded conditions prior to the analysis of the amount of microbial biomass C (MBC), soil respiration and the amount of potential mineralizable N (PMN)....

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00120.x

Enhancing Soil Quality through Residue Management in a Rice‐Wheat System in Fukuoka, Japan

Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.2017.1421436

Effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield of soybean in a field condition

In order to estimate the microbial biomass content and to quantify the amount of available plant nutrients derived from microbial biomass in Bangladesh soils, biomass-C, -N, and available-N contents using samples from 8 soils were measured by applying the chloroform fumigation and drying-rewetting methods, respectively. 1) Contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen were 0.36-1.06 (av. 0.74) and 0.04-0.11 (av. 0.07)% in samples from eight soils collected in the central and north-eastern region of Bangladesh. 2) The contribution of biomass-C to soil organic carbon was about 2%, ranging from 1.35 to 3.32. The contribution was higher in grassland soil than in cropped arable soil with similar organic C contents. 3) The contribution of biomass-N to total soil nitrogen ranged from 1.15 to 2.95 (av. 2.11). 4) The average ratio of flush-C to fiush-N for a 10 day period of incubation was 7.02. 5) The contents of organic C, microbial biomass and available plant nutrients in the Bangladesh soils were sign...

http://petit.lib.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/G0000006y2j2/file/804/20100928160434/2007020030.pdf

Estimation of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in Bangladesh soils

Nitrate-tolerant mutants of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Bragg, nts1116 and nts1007, were cultured hydroponically to study the effects of nitrate on plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation compared to the parent cultivar Bragg. The vegetative growth of nts1116 was the most active. Absorption rate of nitrate increased with the duration of the treatment. The absorption rate was slightly higher in nts1116 compared to ntsl007 and Bragg. Nitrogen accumulation of the nitrate-treated plants through biological nitrogen fixation was larger in the order of ntsl007, nts1116, and Bragg. However, N accumulation from nitrate did not differ among the 3 lines. Nitrate reductase activities in the nodules were the highest in Bragg followed by nts1116 and nts1007, regardless of the nitrate treatment and assay time, and were negatively correlated with the nodule masses. Ureide concentration was the highest in nts1007 followed by nts1116 and Bragg, and was positively correlated with the nodule masses an...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.1991.10415065

Effects of nitrate application on growth, modulation, and nitrogen fixation of nitrate-tolerant mutants of soybean

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Hannover University to study the effect of the herbicides linuron and dinosebacetate on nitrogen fixation, yield, and yield components in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). There were four treatments or concentrations of the herbicides, viz. control (no herbicide), 50, 100, and 200% of the recommended dose used in agricultural practice, each replicated 6 times. The results indicated that linuron was more effective for weed control and its phytotoxicity (at 200% concentration) in terms of parameters like nodule and plant dry weight, nitrogenase activity and yield was higher than that of dinosebacetate. Although the plant dry matter was not significantly reduced by any of the two herbicides regardless of the concentration, modulation was suppressed drastically at the highest concentrations (38% for linuron and 20% for dinosebacetate). Nitrogen fixation rate was reduced by ca. 40% by both herbicides at 7 weeks after sowing. Linuron also affect...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.1991.10416928

Effect of linuron and dinosebacetate on Vicia faba-Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiosis

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Estimation of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in Bangladesh soils

Effects of nitrate application on growth, modulation, and nitrogen fixation of nitrate-tolerant mutants of soybean

Effect of linuron and dinosebacetate on Vicia faba-Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiosis