Background COVID-19 screening is an effective nonpharmaceutical intervention for identifying infected individuals and interrupting viral transmission. However, questions have been raised regarding its effectiveness in controlling the spread of novel variants and its high socioeconomic costs. Therefore, the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies has attracted great attention. Objective This review aims to summarize the evidence and provide a reference basis for the optimization of screening strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods We applied a methodological framework for scoping reviews and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. We conducted a scoping review of the present publications on the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsevier ScienceDirect databases for publications up to December 31, 2022. English publications related to screening and testing strategies for COVID-19 were included. A data-charting form, jointly developed by 2 reviewers, was used for data extraction according to the optimization directions of the screening strategies. Results A total of 2770 unique publications were retrieved from the database search, and 95 abstracts were retained for full-text review. There were 62 studies included in the final review. We summarized the results in 4 major aspects: the screening population (people at various risk conditions such as different regions and occupations; 12/62, 19%), the timing of screening (when the target population is tested before travel or during an outbreak; 12/62, 19%), the frequency of screening (appropriate frequencies for outbreak prevention, outbreak response, or community transmission control; 6/62, 10%), and the screening and detection procedure (the choice of individual or pooled detection and optimization of the pooling approach; 35/62, 56%). Conclusions This review reveals gaps in the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies and suggests that a number of factors such as prevalence, screening accuracy, effective allocation of resources, and feasibility of strategies should be carefully considered in the development of future screening strategies.

pdf/optimization-of-screening-strategies-for-covid-19-scoping-1ta4x2k7gb.pdf

Optimization of Screening Strategies for COVID-19: Scoping Review.

Modelling the effect of travel-related policies on disease control in a meta-population structure

Question 1: Policy recommendations and current practices in select countries: Policy recommendations from the WHO and ECDC see limited circumstances in which travel restrictions or other health border measures, including testing, could be considered. In particular, the WHO recommends risk-based assessments, and the ECDC recommends considering measures in specific circumstances like, for example, when trying to slow the spread of a new variant of concern. In August 2022, most countries have lifted most or all pandemic related travel restrictions. Of the 35 countries whose policies we reviewed, only the USA and Canada maintained significant restrictions, in particular vaccination requirements for entry for some travellers and, for Canada, quarantine and testing requirements for unvaccinated travellers. Scientific and academic literature on efficacy of: (1) border closures and travel bans, (2) quarantine and testing and screening protocols for travellers, and (3) other health measures, like passenger locator forms Indicators Used to Assess Efficacy of Measures Measures recommended or by scientific literature Non-health impacts of border health measures travellers and variants identified. Other studies used incidence rates or growth rates. the with spillover effects. cross-border different cross-border integration in

Literature screening report Border health measures to combat the COVID-19 epidemic in international travel (question of impact and efficiency)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> COVID-19 screening is an effective nonpharmaceutical intervention for identifying infected individuals and interrupting viral transmission. However, questions have been raised regarding its effectiveness in controlling the spread of novel variants and its high socioeconomic costs. Therefore, the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies has attracted great attention. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This review aims to summarize the evidence and provide a reference basis for the optimization of screening strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We applied a methodological framework for scoping reviews and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. We conducted a scoping review of the present publications on the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsevier ScienceDirect databases for publications up to December 31, 2022. English publications related to screening and testing strategies for COVID-19 were included. A data-charting form, jointly developed by 2 reviewers, was used for data extraction according to the optimization directions of the screening strategies. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> A total of 2770 unique publications were retrieved from the database search, and 95 abstracts were retained for full-text review. There were 62 studies included in the final review. We summarized the results in 4 major aspects: the screening population (people at various risk conditions such as different regions and occupations; 12/62, 19%), the timing of screening (when the target population is tested before travel or during an outbreak; 12/62, 19%), the frequency of screening (appropriate frequencies for outbreak prevention, outbreak response, or community transmission control; 6/62, 10%), and the screening and detection procedure (the choice of individual or pooled detection and optimization of the pooling approach; 35/62, 56%). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> This review reveals gaps in the optimization of COVID-19 screening strategies and suggests that a number of factors such as prevalence, screening accuracy, effective allocation of resources, and feasibility of strategies should be carefully considered in the development of future screening strategies. </sec> 

Optimization of Screening Strategies for COVID-19: Scoping Review (Preprint)

Policies such as border closures and quarantines have been widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policy modifications and updates, however, must be adjusted as global vaccination rates increase. We calculated the risks of individual travelers based on their expected transmission and benchmarked them against that of an unvaccinated traveler quarantined for 14 days without testing. All individuals with a negative preboarding test can be released with a negative arrival test, when both tests have a sensitivity ≥ 90% and a specificity ≥ 97%, performance characteristics that could be accomplished by rapid antigen tests. This assumption is valid for an incidence rate up to 0.1 (prior to testing) and effective reproduction number (Rt) up to 4 in the arrival country. In a sensitivity analysis scenario where the incidence rate is 0.4 and Rt is 16, a negative preboarding test and a negative arrival test, both with a sensitivity ≥ 98% and a specificity ≥ 97%, can ensure that a traveler has a lower expected transmission than an unvaccinated person who is quarantined for 14 days. In most cases, fully vaccinated travelers (with or without booster) and a negative preboarding test can be released with a negative rapid antigen test upon arrival, allowing travelers to depart the airport within 30 min.

/pdf/a-testing-and-quarantine-algorithm-for-individual-1sw8y6ke.pdf

A Testing and Quarantine Algorithm for Individual International Travelers Using Published Data on WHO-Approved Vaccines and Bayes’ Theorem

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A Testing and Quarantine Algorithm for Individual International Travelers Using Published Data on WHO-Approved Vaccines and Bayes’ Theorem