The dynamics by which norms emerge and spread in international society have been the subject of strikingly little study. This article focuses on norms that prohibit, both in international law and in the domestic criminal laws of states, the involvement of state and nonstate actors in activities such as piracy, slavery, counterfeiting, drug trafficking, the hijacking of aircraft, and the killing of endangered animal species. It analyzes the manner in which these norms have evolved into and been institutionalized by global prohibition regimes and argues that there are two principal inducements to the formation and promotion of such regimes. The first is the inadequacy of unilateral and bilateral law enforcement measures in the face of criminal activities that transcend national borders. The second is the role of moral and emotional factors related to neither political nor economic advantage but instead involving religious beliefs, humanitarian sentiments, fears, prejudices, paternalism, faith in universalism, the individual conscience, and the compulsion to proselytize. The ultimate success or failure of an international regime in effectively suppressing a particular activity depends, however, not only on the degree of commitment to its norms or the extent of resources devoted to carrying out its goals but also on the vulnerability of the activity to its enforcement measures.

Global prohibition regimes: the evolution of norms in international society

In the Wake

This paper revisits the notion of ‘community’ within the field of heritage, examining the varied ways in which tensions between different groups and their aspirations arise and are mediated. Our focus is a close examination of the conceptual disjunction that exists between a range of popular, political and academic attempts to define and negotiate memory, place, identity and cultural expression. To do so, the paper places emphasis on those expressions of community that have been taken up within dominant political and academic practice. Such expressions, we argue, are embedded with restrictive assumptions concerned with nostalgia, consensus and homogeneity, all of which help to facilitate the extent to which systemic issues tied up with social justice, recognition and subordinate status are ignored or go unidentified. This, inevitably, has serious and far‐reaching consequences for community groups seeking to assert alternative understandings of heritage. Indeed, the net result has seen the virtual disappea...

The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage

Arguments have consequences in world politics that are as real as the military forces of states or the balance of power among them. Neta Crawford proposes a theory of argument in world politics which focuses on the role of ethical arguments in fostering changes in long-standing practices. She examines five hundred years of history, analyzing the role of ethical arguments in colonialism, the abolition of slavery and forced labour, and decolonization. Pointing out that decolonization is the biggest change in world politics in the last five hundred years, the author examines ethical arguments from the sixteenth century justifying Spanish conquest of the Americas, and from the twentieth century over the fate of Southern Africa. The book also offers a prescriptive analysis of how ethical arguments could be deployed to deal with the problem of humanitarian intervention. Co-winner of the APSA Jervis-Schroeder Prize for the best book on international history and politics.

/pdf/argument-and-change-in-world-politics-ethics-decolonization-nngjxwra71.pdf

Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention

Les AA. explorent la definition et le sens meme de diaspora en tant que concept. Une grande part des debats actuels continue a suggerer que la diaspora est tout simplement une manifestation logique de la dispersion, qu'importe comment cette diaspora a ete creee ou depuis combien de temps elle existe. Les AA. tentent de demontrer que les relations qui lient la diaspora doivent s'articuler et ne sont pas inevitables, et que la diaspora est a la fois processus et condition. En tant que processus, elle est en permanence en cours de formation, et en tant que condition, elle se situe a l'interieur des hierarchies globales de race et de sexe (ou de genre). Cependant, tout comme la diaspora est faite, elle peut etre defaite et les chercheurs doivent ainsi examiner les moments de son demantelement. En effet, les efforts faits pour discerner les elements constitutifs de la ou des diasporas soulevent des questions importantes sur la facon dont l'Afrique est conceptualisee relativement a sa diaspora. Ces efforts mettent egalement en evidence la necessite d'examiner la superposition et l'intersection de diasporas issues de localisations historiques multiples.

Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World

This social history looks at African slavery and the Atlantic slave trade which, in the space of 300 years, transported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean - with millions more dying en route. No other slave system in world history was so regulated and determined by the question of race, or had forcibly removed so many people and scattered them across such vast distances or had such prodigious results for the slave-owning class. Using contemporary accounts, this book shows how the British maritime trade and power were transformed by the Atlantic slave trade, and how ports like Bristol, Liverpool and London grew into international trading centres on the backs of the slaves. The book describes the enslavement of Africans, the brutal conditions for the human cargoes, the slave auctions and prosperous plantocracies of the slave colonies in the West Indian islands of Barbados and Jamaica, the songs of the slaves, revolts and runaways, the effects of conversion to Christianity and growing literacy among the slaves, the abolition campaign, the problems of freedom and the legacy of racism.

Black ivory : a history of British slavery

This text tells the story of the Quakers in Britain and the impact they had on British society. It describes how they gradually came to dominate key 18th century industries from iron-making to chemicals, from pharmaceuticals to banking. It provides an account of how in the 19th century they went on to dominate new industries, whether shoemaking, biscuits or chocolate. Barclays, Lloyds, Price Waterhouse, Swan Hunter, Clarks Shoes, Huntley and Palmer, Cadbury's, Fry's and Rowntree's, discussed in the text, all have Quaker origins - as do a wide range of other household names.

The Quakers: Money and Morals

Slavery and British Society 1776-1846

The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery

Black and White: The Negro and English Society, 1555-1945

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