TASER® conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have become an important law-enforcement tool. Controversial questions are often raised during discussion of some incidents in which the devices have been used. The main purpose of this paper is to point out some misconceptions about CEWs that have been published in the scientific/medical and other literature. This is a narrative review, using a multidisciplinary approach of analyzing reports from scientific/medical and other literature sources. In previous reports, durations of incapacitating effects and possible associations of CEWs with deaths-in-custody have often been overstated or exaggerated. Comparisons of CEW effects with “electrocution” are misleading. Clarification of these misconceptions may be important during policymaker decisions, practitioner operations, expert witness testimonies, and court proceedings. Despite misconceptions in the literature, CEWs can still be a valuable tool for law enforcement activities. Scientists, medical professionals, legal advisors, and investigators of police tactics should be aware of these misconceptions.

TASER® conducted electrical weapons: misconceptions in the scientific/medical and other literature

Introduction Simultaneous bilateral fractures of the neck of femur is rare. Hypocalcemia, epilepsy, osteoporosis and electrical injuries are known to cause similar injuries. Case report We report a case of a 43-year-old male who sustained an electrical shock injury following which he fell from a height of around 4 feet. Radiological studies confirmed bilateral transcervical neck of femur fracture. Laboratory investigations revealed the patient had extremely low levels of vitamin D (11.1ng/ml). Patient was treated with three 6.5 mm cannulated cancellous screws on each side. Patient had good functional outcome at the end of one year. Conclusion We report this case as a rare etiological combination of hypovitaminosis D and electrical injury causing bilateral neck of femur fracture. Such injuries should be diagnosed at the earliest and goal of treatment should be to preserve both the hip joints. Early management would avoid potential complications like non-union and avascular necrosis.

An unusual case of simultaneous bilateral neck of femur fracture following electrocution injury-A case report and review of literature.

Background Bilateral distal radius fracture (DRF) is an uncommon injury. We described the outcomes of 10 consecutive cases of bilateral DRF treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) at our institution. Materials and Methods We retrospectively searched our electronic medical records data for all patients 18 years of age or older treated surgically for bilateral DRF over a 6-year period (2011-2016). Patient demographics, fracture classification, fixation method, postoperative complications, QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) questionnaire scores, wrist range of motion (ROM), and radiographic measurements of X-rays at final follow-up were collected and analyzed. Results Ten patients (8 women; 2 men; mean age: 63 years) with 20 fractures were assessed. A volar approach for ORIF was used in 90% of cases. Six of 20 (30%) wrists experienced postoperative complications and required hardware removal. Mean QuickDASH score was 24.8 at final follow-up. On average, ROM reached 58-degree extension, 52-degree flexion, 75-degree pronation, and 75-degree supination. Mean measurements of radial shortening, radial inclination, and volar tilt taken from final postoperative radiographs were 1.3 mm, 21.2 degrees, and 7.8 degrees, respectively. Conclusion In bilateral DRF treated with concomitant ORIF, functional outcomes, recovery of wrist ROM, and restoration of radiographic parameters are comparable to those seen in patients with ipsilateral DRF.

Outcomes of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Bilateral Fractures of the Distal Radius.

| In this study, the impact of electrocution on apoptosis and DNA damage was investigated to act as possible biomarker for electric shock mediated deaths. A total of 40 adult male rats were divided into two equal groups electrocuted (E) and Control (C), which were further sub-divided into two sub-groups. The main treatment group (E) was electrocuted until death by a 220 V alternating current (AC) and the blood and heart samples were collected immediately after electrocution from the first sub-group [E(0h)] and 1 h postmortem (PM) from second sub-group [E(1h)]. The animals of control group were killed humanely by cervical dislocation, and the samples were collected immediately after death from the first subgroup [C(0h)] and 1h after PM from the second subgroup [C(1h)]. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents were significantly found to be elevated in rats of electrocuted group [E(0h)] and their levels showed higher elevations in [E(1h)] group. Exposure of rats to electric current till death resulted in a highly significant increase in DNA fragmentation percent immediately or 1h of PM. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl were down-regulated while Bax expression was up-regulated in hearts of electrocuted rats in comparison with control rats, influenced by cause of death and time of sampling. The heart taken from C(0h) and C(1h) groups showed normal architecture while more extensive damage appeared in E(0h) and E(1h) groups. In conclusion, electrocution caused DNA damage and apoptosis in cardiac muscles and these findings could be used as useful biomarkers to support biochemical analysis and histopathological examination in confirming the electrocution as the principle cause of death.

Changes in Expression of Apoptosis Related Genes and DNA Fragmentation as Biomarkers in Post-mortem Investigation of Electrocution

Fractures osseuses par électrisations à basse tension : à propos de deux cas

Traumatic separation of the epiphyses of the long bones during childbirth is an unusual but well-described complication of delivery1,2. Knowledge of these injuries is essential because their diagnoses can be complicated by the clinical challenges inherent to examining newborns, and interpreting radiographs of neonates can be difficult. Epiphyseal separations, which often present as subtle changes on radiographs, can be easily overlooked3.

Although perinatal transphyseal injuries usually involve the distal part of the humerus, there are also a number of described incidences of proximal humeral and distal femoral epiphyseal injuries1,2,4,5. Transphyseal fractures of the proximal part of the tibia during childbirth, however, are exceptionally rare injuries. Fractures to the proximal tibial epiphysis, in general, are one of the least common fracture types in children. A review by Mann and Rajmaira of 2650 long bone fractures in children found only fifteen physeal separations of the proximal part of the tibia6. A review of the literature to date yields only one reported instance of a fracture of the proximal part of the tibia resulting from birth trauma, which was sustained during breech delivery7. We report the presentation and subsequent treatment of a physeal separation injury in the proximal part of the tibia in a neonate following delivery by cesarean section.

The patient’s mother was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent.

A thirty-four-year-old primipara was admitted to the hospital for delivery. The birth was complicated by a failure to progress after the membranes had been ruptured for twenty-four hours. Four attempts at vacuum assistance were made prior to performing an emergency cesarean section.

The infant was floppy at delivery, with an Apgar score of 1 of 9. …

Proximal Tibial Epiphyseal Fracture in a Newborn Following Cesarean Section: A Case Report

Background. Fracture resulting from household electric shock is uncommon. When it occurs, it is usually the result of a fall; however, electricity itself can cause sufficient tetany to produce a fracture. We present the case of bilateral fractures of the distal radii of a 12-year-old boy which were sustained after accidental shock. The literature regarding fractures after domestic electric shock is also reviewed. Methods. An Ovid-Medline search was conducted. The resultant articles and their bibliographies were surveyed for cases describing fractures resulting from a typical household-level voltage (110–220 V, 50–60 Hertz) and not a fall after the shock. Twenty-one articles describing 22 patients were identified. Results. Twenty-two cases were identified. Thirteen were unilateral injuries; 9 were bilateral. Proximal humerus fractures were most frequent (8 cases), followed by scapula fractures (7 cases), forearm fractures (4 cases), femoral neck fractures (2 cases), and vertebral body fracture (1 case). Eight of the 22 cases were diagnosed days to weeks after the injury. Conclusions. Fracture after electric shock is uncommon. It should be suspected in patients with persistent pain, particularly in the shoulder or forearm area. Distal radius fractures that occur during electrocution are likely due to tetany.

/pdf/bilateral-distal-radius-fractures-in-a-12-year-old-boy-after-3n7ges94ls.pdf

Bilateral distal radius fractures in a 12-year-old boy after household electrical shock: case report and literature summary.

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Proximal Tibial Epiphyseal Fracture in a Newborn Following Cesarean Section: A Case Report

Bilateral distal radius fractures in a 12-year-old boy after household electrical shock: case report and literature summary.