Fig.4. Neutralization by donor and pooled subtype C plasma. (A) Neutralization profile of plasma-derived donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes from transmission pair 135 by donor plasma. Virus infectivity, as a percentage of the control, is plotted along the vertical axis. The reciprocal of the plasma dilution is graphed along the horizontal axis on a log 10 scale. Each curve represents the sensitivity to neutralization of an individual Env pseudotype. (B) The distribution of neutralization sensitivity for donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes for five transmission pairs, with IC 50 values for donor plasma (rounded to the nearest two-digit value) plotted on the horizontal axis. The fraction of Env pseudotypes with a given IC 50 is indicated on the vertical axis. (C) Linear regression analysis of neutralization by donor (horizontal axis) and pooled (vertical axis) plasma for donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes (R-squared value 0.23; P value 0.00002; slope 0.31, standard error 0.07). The number of Env pseudotypes evaluated was 106 (5 donor and 7 recipient), 109 (8 donor and 3 recipient), 135 (14 donor and 5 recipient), 55 (12donor and 8 recipient), and 53 (6 donor and 3 recipient). R EPORTS

A MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development

The production of hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a key event in the development of diabetic complications. Because resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, has been reported to confer vasoprotection, improving endothelial function and preventing complications of diabetes, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on mtROS production in cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). The measurement of MitoSox fluorescence showed that resveratrol attenuates both steady-state and high glucose (30 mM)-induced mtROS production in CAECs, an effect that was prevented by the knockdown of the protein deacetylase silent information regulator 2/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an intracellular target of resveratrol. An overexpression of SIRT1 mimicked the effects of resveratrol, attenuating mtROS production. Similar results were obtained in CAECs transfected with mitochondria-targeted H(2)O(2)-sensitive HyPer-Mito fluorescent sensor. Amplex red assay showed that resveratrol and SIRT1 overexpression significantly reduced cellular H(2)O(2) levels as well. Resveratrol upregulated MnSOD expression and increased cellular GSH content in a concentration-dependent manner (measured by HPLC coulometric analysis). These effects were attenuated by SIRT1 knockdown and mimicked by SIRT1 overexpression. We propose that resveratrol, via a pathway that involves the activation of SIRT1 and the upregulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms, attenuates mtROS production, suggesting the potential for new treatment approaches targeting endothelial mitochondria in metabolic diseases.

Resveratrol attenuates mitochondrial oxidative stress in coronary arterial endothelial cells

Growth hormone prevents Fas-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes through modulation of Bcl-2 and caspase-3

The fight against doping in sports commenced as a result of the death of a Danish cyclist during the Rome Olympic Games in 1960. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) established a Medical Commission (IOC-MC) which had the task of designing a strategy to combat the misuse of drugs in Olympic Sport. Some International Sport Federations (IF) and National Sports Federations followed suit, but progress was modest until the world's best male sprinter was found doped with anabolic steroids at the Olympic Games in Seoul in 1988. Further progress was made following the cessation of the cold war in 1989 and in 1999 public authorities around the world joined the Olympic Movement in a unique partnership by creating WADA - the 'World Anti-Doping Agency'. The troubled history of the anti-doping fight from the 1960s until today is reviewed. In particular, the development of detection methods for an ever increasing number of drugs that can be used to dope is described, as are the measures that have been taken to protect the health of the athletes, including those who may need banned substances for medical reasons.

Medicine and science in the fight against doping in sport. Commentary

RNA is a powerful biological material. It is an active molecule that is directly involved in performing or controlling many biological functions. Unlocking the role of the various types of RNA present in biological cellular processes is critical to developing new methods of diagnosis and understanding and treating disease. New research is being reported daily that someday will lead to new drugs or methods of treating disease. Indeed, some of the work is so promising that it is hoped that a range of diseases will someday be effectively treated and cured. In any case, understanding RNA and its function is one of the keys to understanding life. There are many different types of RNA, each of which carries out diverse and important functions in the cell, as shown on the book cover and in Figure 1.1. The need to extract and understand the roles of these RNAs is important not only for an understanding of biology but also for developing therapeutics. This particular fi gure was chosen as the book cover because it illustrates the complexity and importance of RNA in functional mechanisms within the cell. To name a few, RNAs have been shown to function in transcription (pri-RNA, mRNA), splicing (snRNA), translation (tRNA, tmRNA), and post-transcription regulation (siRNA, miRNA). Each type and function of RNA is described in Chapter 2 of this book, while each pathway is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7. Unlike DNA – which is quite rugged – RNA is transient. RNA is also fragile, elusive, and diffi cult to recover. Proteins are expressed from DNA using RNA, with the cell carefully controlling which proteins are active, largely through overseeing the synthesis and degradation of RNA. The expression of DNA through RNA to produce new proteins could not be accomplished if the " old " RNA were still present from previous expressions of proteins; consequently, the cells routinely remove the " old " RNA by degrading it with RNase enzymes. Unfortunately, the RNase that is present for biological cellular function can also make RNA collection diffi cult, and any procedure employed for such collection and use must take this into account.

RNA Extraction, Separation, and Analysis

The Effects of Exogenous Human Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Administration on Mitochondrial Function.

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The Effects of Exogenous Human Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Administration on Mitochondrial Function.