Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary practice

Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): capabilities and potential developments.

Because of the large number of men worldwide who smoke and the fact that cigarette smoke contains known mutagens and carcinogens, there has been concern that smoking may have adverse effects on male reproduction. A review of the epidemiological literature indicates that cigarette smoking is associated with modest reductions in semen quality including sperm concentration, motility and morphology. The associations between male smoking and sperm concentration and motility are stronger among studies of 'healthy' men (e.g. volunteers and sperm donors) than among men from infertility clinic populations. Smoking has also been associated with alterations in hormone levels in males, for example increases in the levels of oestrone and oestradiol. Despite modest reductions in semen quality and altered hormone levels among smokers compared to non-smokers, studies have not shown a reduction in male fertility in association with paternal smoking. There is some evidence to suggest that paternal smoking is associated with congenital anomalies and childhood cancer (with ORs in positive studies generally < 2.0). Smoking has not been shown to be mutagenic to human spermatozoa, although studies have been small and have had methodological shortcomings. It is concluded that, although smokers as a group may not experience reduced fertility, men with marginal semen quality who wish to have children may benefit from quitting smoking, since several small studies indicate the potential for improved semen quality after quitting smoking. More research on the benefits of quitting smoking among men with marginal semen quality is needed. Methodological improvements in studies aimed at clarifying the association between paternal smoking and reproductive and developmental outcomes in offspring should include obtaining accurate paternal smoking dose information, evaluating smoking exposure information in relation to various time windows (e.g. prior to conception, during gestation), and controlling for potential confounders and modifying factors such as age and maternal smoking habits. More sensitive and specific laboratory assays and increased sample sizes are required to establish whether smoking induces mutations in human spermatozoa.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1996.tb00523.x

Smoking and male reproduction: a review.

Tests of human sperm function and fertilization in vitro

We investigated the relationship between psychological stress and sperm concentration, motility, and morphometry in a prospective study of 157 volunteers who were enrolled in a prepaid health plan We measured psychological job stress and life-event stress by telephone interview Sperm-kinematic and nuclear-morphometric variables were measured using computer-assisted image analyses Sperm concentration, percent motility, and semen volume were determined by objective visual methods We performed multiple linear regression for each semen variable to examine its relationship to stress, controlling for potential confounders Stress at work and total number of life events were not related to differences in semen quality However, the recent death of a close family member was associated with a reduction in straight-line velocity (P = 0002) and percent of progressively motile sperm (P = 002); it was also marginally associated with an increase in the fraction of sperm with larger and more tapered nuclei These findings suggest that the fecundity of men experiencing the stress of a family member's death might be temporarily diminished

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01900.x

Effects of Psychological Stress on Human Semen Quality

Quantification and classification of human sperm morphology by computer-assisted image analysis

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Quantification and classification of human sperm morphology by computer-assisted image analysis