This paper presents a preliminary study for mapping sea ice patterns (texture) with 100-m ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The authors used gray-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM) to quantitatively evaluate textural parameters and representations and to determine which parameter values and representations are best for mapping sea ice texture. They conducted experiments on the quantization levels of the image and the displacement and orientation values of the GLCM by examining the effects textural descriptors such as entropy have in the representation of different sea ice textures. They showed that a complete gray-level representation of the image is not necessary for texture mapping, an eight-level quantization representation is undesirable for textural representation, and the displacement factor in texture measurements is more important than orientation. In addition, they developed three GLCM implementations and evaluated them by a supervised Bayesian classifier on sea ice textural contexts. This experiment concludes that the best GLCM implementation in representing sea ice texture is one that utilizes a range of displacement values such that both microtextures and macrotextures of sea ice can be adequately captured. These findings define the quantization, displacement, and orientation values that are the best for SAR sea ice texture analysis using GLCM.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=csearticles

Texture analysis of SAR sea ice imagery using gray level co-occurrence matrices

This paper presents a novel variational framework to deal with frame partition problems in Computer Vision. This framework exploits boundary and region-based segmentation modules under a curve-based optimization objective function. The task of supervised texture segmentation is considered to demonstrate the potentials of the proposed framework. The textured feature space is generated by filtering the given textured images using isotropic and anisotropic filters, and analyzing their responses as multi-component conditional probability density functions. The texture segmentation is obtained by unifying region and boundary-based information as an improved Geodesic Active Contour Model. The defined objective function is minimized using a gradient-descent method where a level set approach is used to implement the obtained PDE. According to this PDE, the curve propagation towards the final solution is guided by boundary and region-based segmentation forces, and is constrained by a regularity force. The level set implementation is performed using a fast front propagation algorithm where topological changes are naturally handled. The performance of our method is demonstrated on a variety of synthetic and real textured frames.

https://www-artemis.it-sudparis.eu/~rougon/IMA4509/Controle/Sujets/Paragios-IJCV-2003.pdf

Geodesic Active Regions and Level Set Methods for Supervised Texture Segmentation

Aim—To recognise automatically the main components of the fundus on digital colour images. Methods—The main features of a fundus retinal image were defined as the optic disc, fovea, and blood vessels. Methods are described for their automatic recognition and location. 112 retinal images were preprocessed via adaptive, local, contrast enhancement. The optic discs were located by identifying the area with the highest variation in intensity of adjacent pixels. Blood vessels were identified by means of a multilayer perceptron neural net, for which the inputs were derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) of the image and edge detection of the first component of PCA. The foveas were identified using matching correlation together with characteristics typical of a fovea—for example, darkest area in the neighbourhood of the optic disc. The main components of the image were identified by an experienced ophthalmologist for comparison with computerised methods. Results—The sensitivity and specificity of the recognition of each retinal main component was as follows:99.1% and 99.1% for the optic disc; 83.3% and 91.0% for blood vessels; 80.4% and 99.1% for the fovea. Conclusions—In this study the optic disc, blood vessels, and fovea were accurately detected. The identification of the normal components of the retinal image will aid the future detection of diseases in these regions. In diabetic retinopathy, for example,an image could be analysed for retinopathy with reference to sight threatening complications such as disc neovascularisation, vascular changes, or foveal exudation. (Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:902‐910)

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/83/8/902.full.pdf

Automated localisation of the optic disc, fovea, and retinal blood vessels from digital colour fundus images.

We propose a new automatic image segmentation method. Color edges in an image are first obtained automatically by combining an improved isotropic edge detector and a fast entropic thresholding technique. After the obtained color edges have provided the major geometric structures in an image, the centroids between these adjacent edge regions are taken as the initial seeds for seeded region growing (SRG). These seeds are then replaced by the centroids of the generated homogeneous image regions by incorporating the required additional pixels step by step. Moreover, the results of color-edge extraction and SRG are integrated to provide homogeneous image regions with accurate and closed boundaries. We also discuss the application of our image segmentation method to automatic face detection. Furthermore, semantic human objects are generated by a seeded region aggregation procedure which takes the detected faces as object seeds.

/pdf/automatic-image-segmentation-by-integrating-color-edge-y2azjosgo3.pdf

Automatic image segmentation by integrating color-edge extraction and seeded region growing

Image segmentation has been, and still is, a relevant research area in Computer Vision, and hundreds of segmentation algorithms have been proposed in the last 30 years. However, it is well known that elemental segmentation techniques based on boundary or region information often fail to produce accurate segmentation results. Hence, in the last few years, there has been a tendency towards algorithms which take advantage of the complementary nature of such information. This paper reviews different segmentation proposals which integrate edge and region information and highlights 7 different strategies and methods to fuse such information. In contrast with other surveys which only describe and compare qualitatively different approaches, this survey deals with a real quantitative comparison. In this sense, key methods have been programmed and their accuracy analyzed and compared using synthetic and real images. A discussion justified with experimental results is given and the code is available on Internet.

/pdf/yet-another-survey-on-image-segmentation-region-and-boundary-19sfefmqay.pdf

Yet Another Survey on Image Segmentation: Region and Boundary Information Integration

A two-stage method of image segmentation based on gray level cooccurrence matrices is described. An analysis of the distributions within a cooccurrence matrix defines an initial pixel classification into both region and interior or boundary designations. Local consistency of pixel classification is then implemented by minimizing the entropy of local information, where region information is expressed via conditional probabilities estimated from the cooccurrence matrices, and boundary information via conditional probabilities which are determined a priori. The method robustly segments an image into homogeneous areas and generates an edge map. The technique extends easily to general edge operators. An example is given for the Canny operator. Applications to synthetic and forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images are given. >

Image segmentation by unifying region and boundary information

Purpose: To determine the effect of intraocular lens (IOL) optic diameter on posterior capsule opacification (PCO) using digital retroillumination images. Setting: Eye Department, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Methods: In this prospective study, 60 patients with senile cataract had routine phacoemulsification by a single surgeon and received standardized medication. The patients were divided into 2 equal groups. The first group received a 5.5 mm 3-piece AcrySof IOL (MA30BM, Alcon) inserted in the bag. The second group received a 6.0 mm 3-piece AcrySof IOL (MA60BM, Alcon). Retroillumination images were obtained 1, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days postoperatively. The percentage area of PCO was calculated objectively by dedicated software at 90, 180, and 360 days. At 1 day, the degree of capsulorhexis-IOL contact was determined by inspecting the images. Results: Throughout the follow-up, there was less PCO in the 6.0 mm optic group than in the 5.5 mm optic group, and the difference reached significance 1 year postoperatively (P = .0017). At 1 year, the median percentage of PCO was 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-5.3) in the 6.0 mm group and 6.9% (95% CI 5.8-18.0) in the 5.5 mm group. Conclusions: A larger IOL optic diameter was associated with less PCO.

Effect of optic size on posterior capsule opacification: 5.5 mm versus 6.0 mm AcrySof intraocular lenses.

Integrating Spatio-temporal Information in Image Sequence Analysis to Enforce Consistency of Interpretation

Images of nearby industrial artefacts under controlled illumination yield reliable connected edge segments. Binocular stereopsis may be performed directly between pairs of line segments by matching corresponding maxima in the Hough transforms of left and right images. Constraints are imposed upon possible matches by the camera geometry. Any remaining ambiguity may be removed by a relaxation labelling algorithm derived from the local entropy of contextual information arising from line segment connectivity. The connectivity constraint may be further utilised to increase the accuracy of the stereoscopic reconstruction. Results are presented of the application of the techniques to synthetic images.

Binocular Stereopsis Of Line Segments In Hough Space Using Contextual Information

An initial pixel classification into both region class and interior or boundary designation is made based on an analysis of the distributions within the grey level cooccurrence matrices of an image. Local consistency of classification is then implemented by minimising the local entropy of region and boundary information. This is a robust way of simultaneously segmenting an image into texturally homogeneous areas with a thresholded edge map. Examples are shown using forward looking infrared (FLIR) images. The technique has been extended to cover any digital edge operator and an example is shown for the Spacek operator.

The Unification Of Region And Edge Information For Image Segmentation

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