Researchers develop a fiber-coupled single-photon-detection system using amorphous tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. The system detection efficiency is higher than 90% in the wavelength range between 1520 nm and 1610 nm. The device dark-count rate, timing jitter and reset time are 1 cps, 150 ps and 40 ns, respectively.

Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency

Single-photon detectors based on superconducting nanowires (SSPDs or SNSPDs) have rapidly emerged as a highly promising photon-counting technology for infrared wavelengths. These devices offer high efficiency, low dark counts and excellent timing resolution. In this review, we consider the basic SNSPD operating principle and models of device behaviour. We give an overview of the evolution of SNSPD device design and the improvements in performance which have been achieved. We also evaluate device limitations and noise mechanisms. We survey practical refrigeration technologies and optical coupling schemes for SNSPDs. Finally we summarize promising application areas, ranging from quantum cryptography to remote sensing. Our goal is to capture a detailed snapshot of an emerging superconducting detector technology on the threshold of maturity.

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications

Detecting Single Infrared Photons with 93% System Efficiency: Supplementary Information

/pdf/superconducting-nanowire-single-photon-detectors-physics-and-1li0c5hito.pdf

Two decades after their demonstration, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have become indispensable tools for quantum photonics as well as for many other photon-starved applications. This invention has not only led to a burgeoning academic field with a wide range of applications but also triggered industrial efforts. Current state-of-the-art SNSPDs combine near-unity detection efficiency over a wide spectral range, low dark counts, short dead times, and picosecond time resolution. The present perspective discusses important milestones and progress of SNSPDs research, emerging applications, and future challenges and gives an outlook on technological developments required to bring SNSPDs to the next level: a photon-counting, fast time-tagging imaging, and multi-pixel technology that is also compatible with quantum photonic integrated circuits.

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors : A perspective on evolution, state-of-the-art, future developments, and applications

We report our design and fabrication of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with gold plasmonic nanostructures, which can enhance the absorption of TM-polarized light, and can enlarge the effective area without sacrificing detector speed.

/pdf/using-surface-plasmons-to-enhance-the-speed-and-efficiency-5gkkrwejgd.pdf

Using surface plasmons to enhance the speed and efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

Intravitreal injection is a common treatment in ophthalmology, but it can lead to numerous complications. Needle-free jet injection has been shown to successfully deliver fluid to various layers of skin, and, by its nature, may reduce intravitreal injection complications. From injection trials into ex vivo rabbit eyes, we find that needle-free jet injection can be used for intravitreal drug delivery. A custom-designed control scheme, characterized in this study, is crucial to this delivery. The system is capable of delivering 40 µL of fluid to the posterior vitreous humor, with an injection duration less than 100 ms and scleral entry site less than 350µm in diameter.

Development of a lorentz-force actuated intravitreal jet injector

We developed a fiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system in a close-cycled cryocooler and achieved 24% and 22% system detection efficiencies at wavelengths of 1550 and 1315 nm, respectively. The maximum dark count rate was approximately 1000 counts/s.

/pdf/fiber-coupled-nanowire-photon-counter-at-1550-nm-with-24-10bepot6nd.pdf

Fiber-coupled nanowire photon counter at 1550 nm with 24% system detection efficiency

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Using surface plasmons to enhance the speed and efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

Development of a lorentz-force actuated intravitreal jet injector

Fiber-coupled nanowire photon counter at 1550 nm with 24% system detection efficiency