In recent years, the application of sensorless AC motor drives is expanding in areas ranging from industrial applications to household electrical appliances. As is well known, the advantages of sensorless motor drives include lower cost, increased reliability, reduced hardware complexity, better noise immunity, and less maintenance requirements. With the development of modern industrial automation, more advanced sensorless control strategies are needed to meet the requirements of applications. For sensorless motor drives at low-and zero-speed operation, inverter nonlinearities and motor parameter variation have significant impact on the stability of control system. Meanwhile, high observer's bandwidth is required in high-speed region. This paper introduces the state of art of recent progress in sensorless AC motor drives. In addition, this paper presents the sensorless control strategies we investigated for practical industrial and household applications. Both advanced sensorless drives of induction motor (IM) and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) are presented in this paper.

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A review of sensorless control methods for AC motor drives

This paper analyzes the effects of the rotor position error in the performance of field-oriented-controlled permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives intended for electric vehicle (EV) traction applications. A special focus is given to the torque ripple generated along the characteristic trajectories in the different operating regions of the PMSM. An extended and generalized model of the torque ripple produced by the PMSM as a function of the rotor position error is analytically deduced. An infinite-speed interior-(I)PMSM drive and a finite-speed surface-mounted (SM)-PMSM drive are considered for the simulations carried out in MATLAB-SimPowerSystems. The experimental results have been validated with a TM4 EV drive controlling an 80-kW SM-PMSM. The torque ripple has been evaluated for both motoring and regenerative braking operation modes under maximum torque conditions going from 100 N · m at 1000 r/min up to 55 N · m at 9000 r/min. The obtained simulation and experimental results demonstrate the good accuracy of the proposed model for evaluating the torque ripple produced in PMSMs due to the error from the rotor position sensor.

Effects of Rotor Position Error in the Performance of Field-Oriented-Controlled PMSM Drives for Electric Vehicle Traction Applications

This paper deals with the flux-weakening control of surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motors, taking into account the influence of the resistive voltage drop in the stator windings, whose effect is usually neglected in similar studies. First, the motor equations exploiting the optimal torque-speed limits in the flux-weakening region are evaluated and discussed. Then, the influence of the resistive voltage drop is pointed out, highlighting its effect on the setup of the flux-weakening strategy. Hence, a simplified approach to flux-weakening motor control is presented, useful for the practical implementation in microcontrolled drives. Finally, experimental results are shown, using a position tracking application as a test case.

Feedforward Flux-Weakening Control of Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors Accounting for Resistive Voltage Drop

In this paper, the practical impedance approach steady-state analysis in the frequency domain for the three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with squirrel-cage rotor is presented along with its operating performance evaluations. The three-phase SEIG is driven by a variable-speed prime mover(VSPM) in addition to a constant-speed prime mover (CSPM) such as a wind turbine and a micro gas turbine for clean alternative renewable energy in rural areas. The basic steady-state characteristics of the VSPM are considered in the three-phase SEIG approximate equivalent circuit and the operating performance of the three-phase SEIG coupled with a VSPM and/or a CSPM are evaluated and discussed online under the conditions related to the speed changes of the prime mover and the electrical inductive load power variations with simple computation processing procedures. A three-phase SEIG prototype setup with a VSPM is implemented for small-scale clean renewable and alternative energy utilizations. The experimental performance results give good agreement with those obtained from the simulation results. Furthermore, a proportional-integral (PI) closed-loop feedback voltage regulation of the three-phase SEIG driven by the VSPM on the basis of the static var compensator (SVC) composed of the thyristor phase-controlled reactor in parallel with the thyristor switched capacitor and the fixed-excitation capacitor bank is designed and considered for the wind generation as a renewable power conditioner. The simulation analysis and experimental results obtained from the three-phase SEIG with SVC for its voltage regulation prove the practical effectiveness of the additional SVC with the PI-controller-based feedback loop in steady-state operation in terms of high performance with low cost.

Terminal voltage regulation characteristics by static var compensator for a three-phase self-excited induction generator

A multivariate control method and system to control torque output from a powertrain system to a driveline is provided, to reduce driveline oscillations. The powertrain preferably comprises hybrid powertrain having a plurality of torque-generative devices connected to a transmission. Desired powertrain and driveline operating states are determined, as are a plurality of operating state errors. Each torque-generative device is controlled, based upon the operating state errors, and operating mode of the transmission. A damping torque command, additive to a commanded torque, is determined for one or more of the torque-generative devices based upon the determined transmission operating mode. Determined operating states include operator input, and powertrain/driveline including driveline torque; transmission input torque, rotational speed of the torque-generative devices; road load; and, accessory load.

Method and apparatus for multivariate active driveline damping

This paper presents a novel current regulation algorithm for permanent magnet AC machines that provides maximum torque-per-ampere capability in the entire field-weakened region. The algorithm provides robust current regulation with maximum efficiency and torque capability for permanent magnet AC machines despite significant changes in the voltage source and machine parameters. The algorithm identifies when the current regulator starts to saturate and determines the optimum d-axis current command for the machine. The q-axis current command is determined from the torque command and d-axis current feedback. When the voltage angle reaches the maximum angle, the current magnitude is decreased to provide maximum torque-per-ampere. Experimental results from a machine prototype show that the algorithm provides good overall dynamic response and smooth transitions into the field-weakened region with maximum torque-per-ampere capability in all four quadrants of operation.

Optimum torque control of permanent magnet AC machines in the field-weakened region

In recent years, the electrical load demand in automobiles has been increasing steadily due to the usage of several subsystems to improve engine performance, passenger comfort and safety. The current production Lundell alternator is not able to meet the future growing power demand due to its inherent design limitations. Therefore, an efficient, high power generation system is needed to meet the growing electric power demand in automobiles. The recent trend to adopt the 42 V power system in automobiles allows one to add more subsystems in an efficient way. In this paper, a three-phase, 42 V, 4 kW, induction machine based automotive power generation scheme is proposed to meet the future electrical power demand in automobiles. This scheme uses a low cost diode bridge rectifier directly connected to the induction machine to transfer active power to the battery and the load. The excitation to the machine is supplied by means of a low power PWM inverter to control the output voltage of the generator connected to the diode bridge rectifier. This paper presents a new control methodology to regulate the output voltage of an induction generator directly connected to a diode bridge rectifier by controlling the auxiliary PWM inverter. The simulated performance results of a 4 kW, 42 V induction generator scheme at various speeds and loads are presented.

A 4-kW 42-V induction-machine-based automotive power generation system with a diode bridge rectifier and a PWM inverter

This paper presents a novel current regulation algorithm for induction machines that enables smooth operation and maximum torque-per-ampere capability over the entire field-weakened region. The algorithm enables robust current regulation with maximum torque capability despite significant variation in voltage source and machine parameters. The algorithm identifies when the current regulator begins to saturate and determines the optimum d-axis current command for the machine. The q-axis current command is determined as a function of the torque command and the d-axis current feedback. In the field-weakened region, the q-axis current is monitored not to exceed the maximum q-axis current. The maximum q-axis current is calculated based on the maximum slip frequency, which is a function of rotor frequency, q-axis current ges maximum q-axis current (in motoring mode) indicates that the machine entered field-weakened region II, and the q-axis current is limited to its maximum value. Experimental results from a machine prototype show that the algorithm provides good overall dynamic response and smooth transitions into the field-weakened region with maximum torque-per-ampere capability in all four quadrants of operation

Current Control of Induction Machines in the Field-Weakened Region

Method and system for controlling a permanent magnet machine driven by an inverter is provided. The method allows for monitoring a signal indicative of a fault condition. The method further allows for generating during the fault condition a respective signal configured to maintain a field weakening current even though electrical power from an energy source is absent during said fault condition. The level of the maintained field-weakening current enables the machine to operate in a safe mode so that the inverter is protected from excess voltage.

Method and system for controlling a permanent magnet machine during fault conditions

Method and system for controlling a permanent magnet machine are provided. The method provides a sensor assembly for sensing rotor sector position relative to a plurality of angular sectors. The method allows starting the machine in a brushless direct current mode of operation using a calculated initial rotor position based on angular sector position information from the sensor assembly. Upon reaching a predefined mode-crossover criterion, the method allows switching to a sinusoidal mode of operation using rotor angle position based on extrapolating angular sector position information from the sensor assembly.

Method and system for controlling a permanent magnet machine

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