[1] Satellite based fire radiant energy retrievals are widely applied to assess biomass consumed and emissions at regional to global scales. A known potential source of uncertainty in biomass burning estimates arises from fuel moisture but this impact has not been quantified in previous studies. Controlled fire laboratory experiments are used in this study to examine the biomass consumed and the radiant energy release (Fire Radiative Energy, FRE, (MJ)) for western white pine needle fuels burned with water content (WC, unitless) from 0.01 to 0.14. Results indicate a significant relationship: FRE per kilogram of fuel consumed = −5.32 WC + 3.025 (r2 = 0.83, n = 24, P < 0.001) and imply that not taking into account fuel moisture variations in the assumed relationship between FRE and fuel consumed can lead to systematic biases. A methodological framework to derive a revised formula that enables the estimation of biomass consumed from FRE, which explicitly takes into account fuel water content, is presented.

http://www.firescience.gov/projects/07-2-1-60/project/07-2-1-60_2013_Smith_FREmoisture.pdf

Quantification of fuel moisture effects on biomass consumed derived from fire radiative energy retrievals

D. Don) at 100 °C dry bulb and 70 °C wet bulb, were assessed by measuring the concentration of chemical components in the kiln atmosphere at regular time intervals and determining air-flows and temperature differentials across the stack. The volatile organic compounds (VOC) were trapped on activated carbon and analyzed by GC-MS. The aldehydes were trapped in 2,4-dinitrophenol-hydrazine solution and the aldehyde derivatives analysed by HPLC. Polar compounds were trapped in water and then alcohols were analysed by GC and organic acids by ion exchange chromatography. The two major VOC found were α-pinene and β-pinene, which made up 90% of the total discharge (405 g/m3 wood). Most of the VOC fraction was released during the early stages of drying. The release of potentially hazardous components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, furfural) was found to be relatively low (1.1, 8.7, and 0.1 g/m3 wood, respectively) provided the kiln emissions are well dispersed, these levels of release are unlikely to cause adverse environmental effects.

Assessment of air emissions from industrial kiln drying of Pinus radiata wood

This article reports the results of an exploratory study designed to reduce heat and electricity consumption in industrial drying of radiata pine. The experiments were performed with slight modifications of the standard drying schedules used by the sawmill to dry radiata pine in 100-m3 industrial kilns. The heat and electricity consumption were determined with data collected during the drying runs and calculations based on mathematical models. The results showed that depending on the case, heat and power consumption were respectively reduced by up to 14 and 35%.

Energy Consumption in Industrial Drying of Radiata Pine

The nature and mass flows of atmospheric emissions from an industrial kiln, drying radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) timber at 140°C dry bulb and 90°C wet bulb, which was subsequently copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) treated and redried at 90°C dry bulb and 60°C wet bulb, were assessed by measuring the concentration of chemical components in the kiln atmosphere at regular time intervals and determining air-flows and temperature differentials across the stack. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted were trapped and analyzed by GC-MS. The two major VOCs found during high temperature pre-drying and CCA re-drying were α-pinene and
β-pinene, which made up 87% and 60% of the total discharge (2433 and 145 g/m3 wood), respectively. Most of the VOC fraction was released during the early stages of drying. The polar compounds were trapped in water. Total combined amount of methanol, ethanol, acetic acid and formic acid released over the two runs were 283, 281, 117, and 260 g/m3 wood, respectively. The aldehydes were trapped in 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine solution and the aldehyde derivatives analysed by HPLC. The total release of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde during the high temperature pre-drying run were 13 and 15 g/m3
wood and the CCA re-drying run were 14 and 4 g/m3
wood, respectively.

Air emission from timber drying: high temperature drying and re-drying of CCA treated timber

Inadequate integration and/or inappropriate operating parameters of heat pump dryers may lead to troubles as too high/low discharge/suction pressures, low dehumidification efficiency and even mechanical damage to the compressor. This paper will help fix a number of common design errors and/or omissions, and suggests original control methods to avoid undesirable operational incidents and improve overall energy performance of high-temperature drying heat pumps. The scope is to provide normal and safe operating conditions, and thus accelerate the implementation of industrial drying heat pumps.

/pdf/improvements-of-high-temperature-drying-heat-pumps-4m7f3tw9yc.pdf

Improvements of high-temperature drying heat pumps

/pdf/tb73-estimating-heat-consumption-in-kiln-drying-lumber-1g6mufeoad.pdf

TB73: Estimating Heat Consumption in Kiln Drying Lumber

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TB73: Estimating Heat Consumption in Kiln Drying Lumber