The broad deployment of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in modern society is increasing day by day to the point that some have seen in this process the transition from the Silicon Age to a new Nano Age. Nanocrystals—a distinct class of nanomaterials—are forecast to play a pivotal role in the next generation of devices such as liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and luminescent solar concentrators. However, it is not to be forgotten that this cutting-edge technology is rooted in empirical knowledge and craftsmanship developed over the millennia. This review aims to span the major applications in which nanocrystals were consistently employed by our forebears. Through an analysis of these examples, we show that the modern-age discoveries stem from multimillennial experience passed on from our proto-chemist ancestors to us.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.1c11159

Three Millennia of Nanocrystals

Individuals with rare kidney diseases account for 5-10% of people with chronic kidney disease, but constitute more than 25% of patients receiving kidney replacement therapy. The National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RaDaR) gathers longitudinal data from patients with these conditions, which we used to study disease progression and outcomes of death and kidney failure.People aged 0-96 years living with 28 types of rare kidney diseases were recruited from 108 UK renal care facilities. The primary outcomes were cumulative incidence of mortality and kidney failure in individuals with rare kidney diseases, which were calculated and compared with that of unselected patients with chronic kidney disease. Cumulative incidence and Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were calculated for the following outcomes: median age at kidney failure; median age at death; time from start of dialysis to death; and time from diagnosis to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) thresholds, allowing calculation of time from last eGFR of 75 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or more to first eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (the therapeutic trial window).Between Jan 18, 2010, and July 25, 2022, 27 285 participants were recruited to RaDaR. Median follow-up time from diagnosis was 9·6 years (IQR 5·9-16·7). RaDaR participants had significantly higher 5-year cumulative incidence of kidney failure than 2·81 million UK patients with all-cause chronic kidney disease (28% vs 1%; p<0·0001), but better survival rates (standardised mortality ratio 0·42 [95% CI 0·32-0·52]; p<0·0001). Median age at kidney failure, median age at death, time from start of dialysis to death, time from diagnosis to eGFR thresholds, and therapeutic trial window all varied substantially between rare diseases.Patients with rare kidney diseases differ from the general population of individuals with chronic kidney disease: they have higher 5-year rates of kidney failure but higher survival than other patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5, and so are over-represented in the cohort of patients requiring kidney replacement therapy. Addressing unmet therapeutic need for patients with rare kidney diseases could have a large beneficial effect on long-term kidney replacement therapy demand.RaDaR is funded by the Medical Research Council, Kidney Research UK, Kidney Care UK, and the Polycystic Kidney Disease Charity. 

Effects of rare kidney diseases on kidney failure: a longitudinal analysis of the UK National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RaDaR) cohort

Before dealing with the specific problems of aerobiological monitoring, it is necessary to explain how the biological component of air may be a potential cause of degradation in cultural artefacts.

The Biological Aerosol as a Factor of Biodeterioration

Since 1994, periodic bibliographic reviews have been published in The Lichenologist (see numbers 550, 451 and 452 in the list) with abstracts and analytical index referring to major themes. These form the basis of the following analytical bibliography.

Lichens and Monuments

The 19th century witnessed not only the pervasive and diverse forms of medieval revival architecture, but also a revival of stained glass: an entire craft, not simply a visual form, was recreated for a modern context. The polemics surrounding the development of the new windows serve as an index of attitudes concerning the 19th-century revival of building styles. Often a revival style took on the appearance of a moral imperative in a period in which the forms of the past promised the renewal of the virtues associated with that past. At the same time, there developed an interest in collecting old glass and restoring the monuments of the past. Whether restoring and, in their eyes, completing old windows, providing windows in the style of an ancient edifice, or matching the period style of a new construction, the 19th-century glass painters believed not that they were creating works of 19th-century art but that they were actually revivifying, and even bettering, the art of the cherished past. Glass painting was supported by the royal houses of Bavaria, France, and Belgium, and by the Ecclesiologist movement in England and its American affiliates. This essay will address implications of the revival of stained glass for an understanding of the medieval past, the 19th century, and the ethics of restoration.

Revivals, Revivalists, and Architectural Stained Glass

The UK Renal Registry currently collects information on UK children with kidney failure requiring long-term kidney replacement therapy (KRT), which supports disease surveillance and auditing of care and outcomes; however, data are limited on children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not on KRT. Methods In March 2020, all UK Paediatric Nephrology centres submitted data on children aged <16 years with severely reduced kidney function as of December 2019, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results In total, 1031 children had severe CKD, the majority of whom (80.7%) were on KRT. The overall prevalence was 81.2 (95% CI 76.3 to 86.3) per million of the age-related population. Conclusions The prevalence of severe CKD among UK children is largely due to a high proportion of children on long-term KRT. Expanding data capture to include children with CKD before reaching failure will provide greater understanding of the CKD burden in childhood.

https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/107/11/1043.full.pdf

Advanced chronic kidney disease among UK children

Journal of the british society of master glass-painters

http://academic.oup.com/nq/article-pdf/6/8/304/19958682/304a.pdf

Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire antiquarian society, 1957 (Vol. LXVN)

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Advanced chronic kidney disease among UK children

Journal of the british society of master glass-painters

Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire antiquarian society, 1957 (Vol. LXVN)