Objective. —To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention. Participants. —A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented. Evidence. —The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles. Consensus Process. —Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Conclusion. —Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. ( JAMA . 1995;273:402-407)

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/JAMA/articlepdf/386766/jama_273_5_029.pdf

Physical Activity and Public Health: A Recommendation From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

To encourage increased participation in physical activity among Americans of all ages by issuing a public health recommendation on the types and amounts of physical activity needed for health promotion and disease prevention.A planning committee of five scientists was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine to organize a workshop. This committee selected 15 other workshop discussants on the basis of their research expertise in issues related to the health implications of physical activity. Several relevant professional or scientific organizations and federal agencies also were represented.The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles.Major issues related to physical activity and health were outlined, and selected members of the expert panel drafted sections of the paper from this outline. A draft manuscript was prepared by the planning committee and circulated to the full panel in advance of the 2-day workshop. During the workshop, each section of the manuscript was reviewed by the expert panel. Primary attention was given to achieving group consensus concerning the recommended types and amounts of physical activity. A concise "public health message" was developed to express the recommendations of the panel. During the ensuing months, the consensus statement was further reviewed and revised and was formally endorsed by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine.Every US adult should accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week. 

Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine

Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x

Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease.

BackgroundWe conducted meta‐analyses examining the effects of endurance, dynamic resistance, combined endurance and resistance training, and isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure ...

Exercise Training for Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the effects of chronic dynamic aerobic endurance training on blood pressure reported on resting blood pressure only. Our aim was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis including resting and ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and concomi- tant cardiovascular risk factors. Inclusion criteria of studies were: random allocation to intervention and control; endurance training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of 4 weeks; availability of systolic or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer-reviewed journal up to December 2003. The meta-analysis involved 72 trials, 105 study groups, and 3936 participants. After weighting for the number of trained participants and using a random-effects model, training induced significant net reductions of resting and daytime ambulatory blood pressure of, respectively, 3.0/2.4 mm Hg (P0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mm Hg (P0.01). The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (6.9/4.9) than in the others (1.9/1.6; P0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% (P0.05), plasma norepinephrine by 29% (P0.001), and plasma renin activity by 20% (P0.05). Body weight decreased by 1.2 kg (P0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm (P0.001), percent body fat by 1.4% (P0.001), and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance by 0.31 U (P0.01); HDL cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L 1 (P0.05). In conclusion, aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favorably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. (Hypertension. 2005;46:667-675.)

Effects of Endurance Training on Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure–Regulating Mechanisms, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial compared diclofenac sodium (Voltaren, Ciba-Geigy Summit, NJ) with aspirin for the treatment of acute sprains and/or strains of the knee or ankle. One hundred thirty-nine patients were admitted to the study. Patients received either 150 mg (75 mg twice daily) of diclofenac (N = 69) or 3.6 g (1.2 g three times daily) of aspirin (N = 70) for 3 to 10 days. Forty-seven diclofenac patients and 49 aspirin patients, mean age for both groups 25 years, were evaluated to determine the efficacy of each treatment. Both groups experienced significant (P < 0.001) improvements for all efficacy variables measured. Treating sprains and strains with diclofenac rather than with aspirin allowed an earlier return to activity. Of those patients who achieved play ing fitness, those in the diclofenac group resumed athletic activities in a mean of 4.7 days, compared with a mean of 5.9 days for patients in the aspirin group. Although the overall multivariate F was nonsignifi...

Comparison of diclofenac sodium and aspirin in the treatment of acute sports injuries

Effect of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on serum lipids during exercise training in hypertensive patients receiving chronic β-blocker therapy

The effects of a 16-week aerobic exercise program on blood pressure and plasma catecholamine levels were evaluated in 56 patients with baseline diastolic blood pressure of 90 to 140 mm Hg. The exercise group significantly improved their physical fitness, and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, compared with controls. To evaluate the relationship between exercise, blood pressure, and plasma catecholamine values, the exercise group was further divided into hyperadrenergic and normoadrenergic subgroups. Reductions in systolic pressures were 6.3 mm Hg, 10.3 mm Hg, and 15.5 mm Hg for control, normoadrenergic, and hyperadrenergic groups, respectively. Diastolic changes were similar and also significant. Within the hyperadrenergic group, changes in blood pressures were associated with changes in values for plasma catecholamines following training. We conclude that an aerobic exercise program reduces blood pressure, which is at least partially mediated by changes in plasma catecholamine levels. ( JAMA 1985;254:2609-2613)

The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension.

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and aspirin in the treatment of acute sports injuries

Effect of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on serum lipids during exercise training in hypertensive patients receiving chronic β-blocker therapy

The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension.