Coastal communities along the U.S. West Coast experience a myriad of environmental stressors, including exposure to low pH waters exacerbated by ocean acidification (OA). This can result in ecological and social consequences, making necessary the exploration and support for locally relevant strategies to adapt to OA and other environmental changes. The shellfish aquaculture industry along the West Coast is particularly vulnerable to OA, given the negative effects of low pH on shellfish survival and growth. As such, the social-ecological system exemplified by this industry serves as an opportunity to identify and address strategies for local adaptation. Through interviews conducted with West Coast shellfish farm owners and managers (‘growers’), we investigate perceptions of OA and environmental change and identify specific strategies for adaptation. We find that growers are concerned about OA, among many other environmental stressors such as marine pathogens and water temperature. However, growers are often unable to attribute changes in shellfish survival or health to these environmental factors due to a lack of data and the resources and network required to acquire and interpret these data. From these interviews, we identify a list of adaptive strategies growers employ or would like to employ to improve their overall adaptive capacity to multiple stressors (environmental, economic, political), which together, allow farms to weather periods of OA-induced stress more effectively. Very few studies to date have identified specific adaptive strategies derived directly from the communities being impacted. This work therefore fills a gap in the literature on adaptive capacity by amplifying the voices of those on the front lines of climate change and identifying explicit pathways for adaptation. 

California shellfish farmers: Perceptions of changing ocean conditions and strategies for adaptive capacity

A marine probiotic treatment against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus to improve the performance of Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) and Kumamoto (C. sikamea) oyster larvae

/pdf/overcoming-ostrea-edulis-seed-production-limitations-to-meet-1lh0qgko.pdf

Overcoming Ostrea edulis seed production limitations to meet ecosystem restoration demands in the UN decade on restoration

The aquaculture of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an important industry that relies on hatchery production of juveniles. Hatchery production can be severely impacted by infectious diseases. Probiotics provide an economic and safe option for health management in aquaculture. Previous research demonstrated that the marine bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens S4 (S4) protects larval eastern oysters against challenge with bacterial pathogens. To use probiont S4 safely and effectively in commercial shellfish hatcheries and avoid microbial dysbiosis, it is advisable to determine its effect on larval oyster microbial communities under a diversity of conditions representative of industry practices. We performed eight different trials in four different hatcheries to analyze the effect of daily treatment with probiont S4 (104 CFU/mL, provided from day one after fertilization until the termination of the trial) on the structure and diversity of larval bacterial communities, as evaluated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Larval bacterial communities were highly variable between trials, with only 34 out of 2499 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) common to all trials. The addition of probiont S4 had no significant effect on bacterial alpha-diversity in any of the trials, but a significant effect on beta-diversity was observed in two of the eight trials. Overall, for all trials, probiont treatment led to significant changes in the relative abundances of 18 ASVs, including two abundant ASVs in the Alteromonas and Pseudomonas, suggesting ASV-specific effects of S4 on the larval bacterial community. This study provides a better understanding of the effects of probiont S4 on the bacterial microbiome in hatcheries, which could aid in the optimization of probiont usage, maximizing benefits for the commercial culture of eastern oyster larvae and preventing undesirable side effects. 

Probiotic treatment modulates the bacterial microbiome of larval eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, in hatcheries

Larval eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) grown in shellfish hatcheries are susceptible to bacterial diseases, particularly vibriosis. Probiotics are microbes that confer health benefits to the host and have been identified as promising tools to manage diseases in aquaculture. The marine bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens S4 (S4) protects larval eastern oysters against challenge with the bacterial pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus RE22 (RE22). A concentrated liquid formulation of probiont S4 that maintained high cell viability after long-term storage was developed for commercial use in shellfish hatcheries. The safety and efficacy of the formulation were tested in six different trials in two hatcheries. The S4 formulation was added to C. virginica larvae culture tanks daily at 104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL from Day 1 post fertilisation until Day 6, 12 or 14, depending on the trial. Treatment of larvae in the hatchery with the S4 formulation did not significantly affect the survival and growth of the larvae. Formulated probiont S4 treatment in the hatchery led to a significant increase in relative percent survival (RPS) when larvae were subsequently challenged with the pathogen RE22 (105 CFU/mL) for 24 h in a laboratory challenge as compared to probiotic-untreated RE22-challenged larvae (RPS increase of 46%–74%, p < 0.05). These results suggest that this novel S4 formulation is a safe, easy-to-use and effective tool in preventing larval losses due to vibriosis in hatcheries.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aff2.112

Development and evaluation of a formulation of probiont Phaeobacter inhibens S4 for the management of vibriosis in bivalve hatcheries

Direct Setting of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Larvae Confirmed with Calcein, a Fluorochrome Dye

Hatchery crashes among shellfish research hatcheries along the Atlantic coast of the United States: A case study of production analysis at Horn Point Laboratory

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Direct Setting of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Larvae Confirmed with Calcein, a Fluorochrome Dye

Hatchery crashes among shellfish research hatcheries along the Atlantic coast of the United States: A case study of production analysis at Horn Point Laboratory