Alcohol consumption, particularly heavier drinking, is an important risk factor for many health problems and, thus, is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. In fact, alcohol is a necessary underlying cause for more than 30 conditions and a contributing factor to many more. The most common disease categories that are entirely or partly caused by alcohol consumption include infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, neuropsychiatric diseases (including alcohol use disorders), cardiovascular disease, liver and pancreas disease, and unintentional and intentional injury. Knowledge of these disease risks has helped in the development of low-risk drinking guidelines. In addition to these disease risks that affect the drinker, alcohol consumption also can affect the health of others and cause social harm both to the drinker and to others, adding to the overall cost associated with alcohol consumption. These findings underscore the need to develop effective prevention efforts to reduce the pain and suffering, and the associated costs, resulting from excessive alcohol use.

The Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism

Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models?

It has long been claimed that Homo sapiens is the only species that has language, but only recently has it been recognized that humans also have an unusual pattern of growth and development. Social mammals have two stages of pre-adult development: infancy and juvenility. Humans have two additional prolonged and pronounced life history stages: childhood, an interval of four years extending between infancy and the juvenile period that follows, and adolescence, a stage of about eight years that stretches from juvenility to adulthood. We begin by reviewing the primary biological and linguistic changes occurring in each of the four pre-adult ontogenetic stages in human life history. Then we attempt to trace the evolution of childhood and juvenility in our hominin ancestors. We propose that several different forms of selection applied in infancy and childhood; and that, in adolescence, elaborated vocal behaviors played a role in courtship and intrasexual competition, enhancing fitness and ultimately integrating performative and pragmatic skills with linguistic knowledge in a broad faculty of language. A theoretical consequence of our proposal is that fossil evidence of the uniquely human stages may be used, with other findings, to date the emergence of language. If important aspects of language cannot appear until sexual maturity, as we propose, then a second consequence is that the development of language requires the whole of modern human ontogeny. Our life history model thus offers new ways of investigating, and thinking about, the evolution, development, and ultimately the nature of human language.

/pdf/language-and-life-history-a-new-perspective-on-the-2ib6uy7q80.pdf

Language and life history: a new perspective on the development and evolution of human language.

Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence.

Maternal separation interferes with developmental changes in brain vasopressin and oxytocin receptor binding in male rats

Clinical Studies in Neuro-Psychoanalysis: Introduction to a Depth Neuropsychology

Neurobiology of Aggression: Understanding and Preventing Violence

The First Idea: How Symbols, Language, and Intelligence Evolved From Our Primate Ancestors to Modern Humans

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Clinical Studies in Neuro-Psychoanalysis: Introduction to a Depth Neuropsychology

Neurobiology of Aggression: Understanding and Preventing Violence

The First Idea: How Symbols, Language, and Intelligence Evolved From Our Primate Ancestors to Modern Humans