We developed affective models for detecting negative affective states, particularly boredom, confusion, and frustration, among novice programming students learning C++, using keyboard dynamics and/or mouse behavior. The keystroke dynamics are already sufficient to model negative affect detector. However, adding mouse behavior, specifically the distance it travelled along the x-axis, slightly improved the model’s performance. The idle time and typing error are the most notable features that predominantly influence the detection of negative affect. The idle time has the greatest influence in detecting high and fair boredom, while typing error comes before the idle time for low boredom. Conversely, typing error has the highest influence in detecting high and fair confusion, while idle time comes before typing error for low confusion. Though typing error is also the primary indicator of high and fair frustrations, other features are still needed before it is acknowledged as such. Lastly, there is a very slim chance to detect low frustration.

Modeling Negative Affect Detector of Novice Programming Students Using Keyboard Dynamics and Mouse Behavior

Understanding how music can evoke emotions and in turn affect language use has significant implications not only in clinical settings but also in the emotional development of children. The relationship between music and emotion is an intricate one that has been closely studied. However, how the use of emotion words can be influenced by auditory priming is a question which is still not known. The main interest in this study was to examine how manipulation of mode and tempo in music affects the emotions induced and the subsequent effects on the use of emotion words. Fifty university students in Singapore were asked to select emotion words after exposure to various music excerpts. The results showed that major modes and faster tempos elicited greater responses for positive words and high arousal words respectively, while minor modes elicited more high arousal words and original tempos resulted in more positive words being selected. In the Major-Fast, Major-Slow and Minor-Slow conditions, positive correlations were found between the number of high arousal words and their rated intensities. Upon further analysis, categorization of emotion words differed from the circumplex model. Taken together, the findings highlight the prominence of affective auditory priming and allow us to better understand our emotive responses to music.

/pdf/effects-of-affective-priming-through-music-on-the-use-of-3sk2gxesp6.pdf

Effects of affective priming through music on the use of emotion words

In recent times the relationship between language and music has garnered substantial interest (Patel, 2008). The present thesis used an affective priming paradigm, in which musical sequences and words were categorized as happy or sad, to determine whether lexical and musical information of matched affect could act as effective primes (stimulus congruency). Experiment 1 was a replication of previously reported congruency effects using auditory presentation of lexical stimuli. In Experiment 2, two words, two short musical sequences or one of each were presented auditorily and participants responded by categorizing the emotional valence of the second item as happy or sad. Experiment 3 examined the extent to which affective properties of words and musical chords have an impact on judgments in a semantic decision task. Participants responded to the semantic properties of the second item (i.e., whether it was a word or a chord, or neither). In all of the experiments, affective congruency effects were observed, suggesting that affective properties can influence the priming of music and words when they are presented together. However, although similarities were found between affective priming of words and music, there were differences. First, responses to the musical stimuli were slower than those to the word stimuli. Second, in some conditions contrast, rather than congruency was observed. These studies are the first to explore word-music affective priming. In addition, the research expands the existing knowledge of affective priming of lexical and musical stimuli and provides evidence of similarities and differences between musical and lexical processing.

Affective priming of music and words

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Affective priming of music and words