Recent years have witnessed a steady increasing interest in olfaction by both clinicians and basic scientists along with a profusion of new techniques that allow a closer look at the anatomy and physiology of olfaction. In response to these rapid developments, the editors have compiled "The Science of Olfaction", a comprehensive, interdisciplinary reference that bridges the gap between recent basic science and clinical work in the fields. The papers present the current state of knowledge regarding the sense of olfaction and its relationship to the brain. The material ranges from the molecular architecture of olfaction to its cognitive-sensory links and dissolution in disease and contributes significantly to the understanding of the puzzle that makes up the study of brain function.

Science of olfaction

1 Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry.- 1. The Ultrastructure of the Human Olfactory Mucosa.- I Introduction.- II The biopsy technique.- III Ultrastructure of the human nasal mucosa.- IV Comparative anatomy of microvillar cells from different chemosensory neuroepithelia.- V The histopathology of olfactory dysfunction.- VI Summary.- References.- 2. Anatomy of the Human Olfactory Bulb and Central Olfactory Pathways.- I Introduction.- II Central olfactory components.- III Anterior olfactory nucleus.- IV Olfactory tubercle.- V Primary olfactory cortex.- VI Connections of the primary olfactory cortex.- VII Beyond the primary olfactory cortex.- VIII Neocortical projections.- IX Subcortical projections.- X Functional Organization of the olfactory system.- XI Summary.- References.- 3. Physiology of Olfactory Reception and Transduction: General Principles.- I Introduction.- II Cellular Organization of the olfactory mucosa.- III Sensory transduction.- IV Action potential initiation and transmission.- V Summary and conclusions: emerging first principles.- References.- 4. Molecular Structure and Smell.- I Introduction.- II Structure - odor relationships.- III Structure - odor relationships for musky odorants.- IV Structure - odor relationships for sandalwood odorants.- V Structure - odor relationships for bell pepper odorants.- VI Conclusion.- References.- 2 Measurement of Olfactory Responses.- 5. Psychophysical Measurement of Odor Perception in Humans.- I Introduction.- II Odor quality Classification.- III Measurement of absolute olfactory sensitivity.- IV Measurement of suprathreshold olfactory function.- V Sensory attribute scaling.- VI Subject factors which influence olfactory test measures...- VII Overview.- References.- 6. Human Electro-Olfactograms and Brain Responses to Olfactory Stimulation.- I Introduction.- II Stimulation.- III The human electro-olfactogram.- IV The human olfactory evoked potential.- I Summary.- References.- 3 Development and Senescence.- 7. Olfactory Function in Neonates.- I Introduction.- II Olfaction in the neonate.- III Summary and conclusions.- References.- 8. Olfactory Preferences in Children and Adults.- I Introduction.- II The origins of olfactory preferences.- III Developmental changes in olfactory preferences: Older children and adults.- IV Discussion.- V Conclusions.- References.- 9. Influences of Aging on Human Olfactory Function.- I Introduction.- II Age-related changes in olfactory perception.- III Physiological basis for age-related changes in odor perception.- IV Summary and questions for the future.- References.- 4 Basic Characteristics of Human Olfaction.- 10. Olfactory Adaptation.- I Introduction.- II Effects of adaptation on the olfactory threshold.- III Effects of adaptation on perceived intensity.- IV Effects of adaptation on reaction times.- V Physiological measurements of adaptation.- VI Discussion.- References.- 11. Memory for Odors.- I Introduction.- II Odor-evoked memory.- III Odorimagery.- IV Different forms of memory.- V Episodic odor memory.- VI Odor identification.- VII Conclusions.- Reference.- 12. Characteristics of the Human Sense of Smell when Processing Odor Mixtures.- I Introduction.- II Phenomena observed with odor mixtures.- III What do we smell in mixtures?.- IV Role of cognitive factors in mixture perception.- V Predicting the odor intensity of mixtures.- VI Mechanisms of mixture perception.- VII Summary.- References.- 13. Comparison of Odor Perception in Humans and Animals.- I Introduction.- II Olfactory sensitivity.- III Suprathreshold intensity.- IV Odor quality perception.- V Summary and conclusions.- References.- 5 Clinical and Health Aspects of Olfaction.- 14. Olfactory Dysfunction.- I Introduction.- II Evaluation of smell complaints.- III Psychophysical measurement in a clinical setting.- IV Frequent causes of olfactory dysfunction.- V Conclusions.- References.- 15. Epidemiology and its Application to Olfactory Dysfunction.- I Introduction.- II Epidemiologie principles.- III Application of epidemiologic principles to studies of olfactory dysfunction.- IV Risk factors for olfactory dysfunction.- V Research issues and direction.- VI Summary and conclusions.- References.- 16. Influence of Drugs on Smell Function.- I Introduction.- II The physiological basis of drug actions on olfaction.- III Norepinephrine in the olfactory bulb.- IV Summary.- References.- 17. Effects of Odors on Mood and Behavior: Aromatherapy and Related Effects.- I Introduction.- II Belief in the effects of odors on mood.- III Historical meaning of aromatherapy.- IV Potential mechanisms for an influence of smell on mood.- V Measurement of mood changes to odors.- VI Unresolved issues and future directions.- References.

The human sense of smell

This thesis describes the ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa, based upon surgical biopsy specimens. The intent of the study is to characterize the normal ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa with emphasis upon the difference between olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Other nasal epithelia (anterior, sinus, and posterior) are reviewed briefly for comparison only. Several pathological examples of the olfactory and respiratory epithelia are also briefly presented for contrast.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1288/00005537-198312000-00011

Ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the changes in the senses of taste and smell that occur with advancing age The incidence of taste and smell disorders will increase significantly over the coming decades due to the rapid growth in the elderly segment of the population Furthermore, elderly individuals will likely experience taste and smell losses for a greater proportion of their lives due to the increase in life expectancy Taste and smell disorders in the elderly present a public health challenge because they can increase the risk of malnutrition and food poisoning Furthermore, taste and smell impairments reduce the quality of life Deficits in taste or smell perception are a consequence of normal aging, certain disease states (especially Alzheimer's disease), medications, surgical interventions, and/or environmental exposure Impaired taste and smell perception in the elderly can lead to poor appetite, inappropriate food choices, lower nutrient intake, and impaired nutritional status and immunity Methods for compensating for taste and smell losses with flavor-enhanced foods is also described to improve appetite, food palatability and/or intake, increase salivary flow and immunity, and reduce oral complaints in both sick and healthy elderly

Taste and smell perception in the elderly: effect of medications and disease.

Considerable shifts in demographics are taking place on a global scale, and the most significant change is a massive increase in the elderly population. This shift will present challenges to medical practitioners because the elderly have special sensory and nutritional needs that must be taken into account when providing medical care. The sense of smell is especially vulnerable to loss in old age, and this can result in inadequate intake, especially in the sick elderly (Schiffman, 1983, 1987; Schiffman and Warwick, 1988).

Olfaction in Aging and Medical Disorders

An objective examination of olfactory function is needed for evaluation and clinical progression of patients with olfactory deficits. Two hundred sixty-eight healthy subjects were studied in order to establish olfactory thresholds for three test odorants. Subjects were required to simply detect the presence of an odor when comparing various log dilutions of test odorant against two “blank” flasks. These data have provided a means of quantitating existing olfactory deficits in affected patients. Olfactory function was found to be diminished in elderly subjects and should be considered a factor when evaluating older patients.

Olfactory detection thresholds using pyridine, thiophene, and phenethyl alcohol.

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Olfactory detection thresholds using pyridine, thiophene, and phenethyl alcohol.