The overall goal of this chapter is to explore the initial findings of neuroscientific research on meditation; in doing so, the chapter also suggests potential avenues of further inquiry. It has three sections that, although integral to the chapter as a whole, may also be read independently. The first section, “Defining Meditation,” notes the need for a more precise understanding of meditation as a scientific explanandum. Arguing for the importance of distinguishing the particularities of various traditions, the section presents the theory of meditation from the paradigmatic perspective of Buddhism, and it discusses the difficulties encountered when working with such theories. The section includes an overview of three practices that have been the subject of research, and it ends with a strategy for developing a questionnaire to define more precisely a practice under examination. The second section, “The Intersection of Neuroscience and Meditation,” explores some scientific motivations for the neuroscientific examination of meditation in terms of its potential impact

/pdf/meditation-and-the-neuroscience-of-consciousness-an-2w9pjo3xw0.pdf

Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction

The present invention provides a hypermedia database for managing bookmarks, which allows a user to organize hypertext documents for querying, navigating, sharing and viewing. In addition, the hypermedia database also provides access control to the information in the database. The hypermedia database of the present invention parses meta-data from bookmarked documents and indexes and classifies the documents. The present invention supports advanced query and navigation of a collection of bookmarks, especially providing various personalized bookmark services. In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes a proxy server to observe a user's access patterns to provide useful personalized services, such as automated URL bookmarking, document refresh, and bookmark expiration. In addition, a user may also specify various preference in bookmark management, e.g., ranking schemes (i.e. by referral, access frequency, or popularity) and navigation tree fan-out. A subscription service which retrieves new or updated documents of user-specified interests is also provided.

System for personalizing, organizing and managing web information

CHAPTER 19 Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction

Systems, methods and computer program products are provided for utilizing XML-based tools to tailor HTML-based Web page content for display within various client devices. Content portions of a requested Web page are converted to an XML format and then modified using an XML content-tailoring tool. Other content portions of the Web page are masked so as to be “hidden” and are, thus, not converted to XML format. The masked portions of the Web page are then unmasked, combined with the modified content portions, and transmitted to a client device for display therewithin.

Systems, methods and computer program products for tailoring web page content in hypertext markup language format for display within pervasive computing devices using extensible markup language tools

A system for enhancing searching of a network has an architecture that supports a search tool component capable of soliciting a search query from a user and of invoking an instance of an Internet browser in which to display search results. A further embodiment of the invention providing at least one search option suggesting changing at least one search parameter and at least one option allowing the user to indicate that their search was successful.

System for enhancing a query interface

The ability to provide certain text in most, if not all, of the documents sent over the network by a server is provided by a mechanism which combines context information with a document, or document fragment, to be sent. The context information can be made dependent on the document type and defined by the style sheet. In particular, it may be defined by the style definition for a header or footer style for the particular document type. Such feature is particularly useful for generating copyright notices, button bars, or other text to be included in most or all document fragments sent over the network. The context information is defined by a declarative specification that operates on document structure which reduces document management effort.

Computer system and method for customizing context information sent with document fragments across a computer network

At the core of Buddhist eschatological tradition is the concept of dharma -an ordering principle of an unending and beginningless universe, oscillating in a “cyclic existence” of creation and dissolution. But how does this cosmological principle shape Buddhist understanding and interpretation of the contemporary world order? This article relates Buddha’s dharma, with its primary themes of suffering and impermanence, to sociopolitical conditions in the realm of human affairs. Pointing out the dichotomy between the mundane (societal) and the super-mundane (cosmological), the article argues that world order is a process of dissolution and re-emergence based on the differentiation of environmental conditions and human dispositions. It concludes that although Buddhist tradition departs from the normal “end of things” eschatology, relative eschatologies have developed within the varied conditions in which Buddhism has flourished.

Eschatology and World Order in Buddhist Formations

/pdf/wordplay-emergent-ideology-through-semantic-elucidation-a-36vxkvhgr2.pdf

"Wordplay": emergent ideology through semantic elucidation: a rhetorical technique in Mahayana Buddhist formations

Dīpaṃkaraśrījnāna (982–1054 c.e.), more commonly known under his honorific title of Atiśa, is a renowned figure in Tibetan Buddhist cultural memory. He is famous for coming to Tibet and revitalizing Buddhism there during the early eleventh century. Of the many works that Atiśa composed, translated, and brought to Tibet one of the most well-known was his “Entry to the Two Realities” (Satyadvayāvatāra). Recent scholarship has provided translations and Tibetan editions of this work, including Lindtner’s English translation (1981) and Ejima’s Japanese translation (1983). However, previously there was no known Indian or Tibetan commentary to this work. This article identifies for the first time a brief commentary to the Satyadvayāvatāra and discusses its content and purport in relation to early Madhyamaka philosophy in Tibet, and provides an annotated translation of the work. This early Tibetan commentary on the two realities (satyadvaya) provides important insight into how late eleventh century or early twelfth centuries Tibetan followers of Atiśa understood the tenets of Buddhist philosophy, the nature of valid cognition (tshad ma), and the importance of spiritual authority. The early Tibetan commentary to Atiśa’s Satyadvayāvatāra provides direct textual evidence of the beginnings of scholasticism in Tibet and offers an early perspective on the formative developments in the intellectual history of Tibetan Madhyamaka.

An Early Tibetan Commentary on Atiśa’s Satyadvayāvatāra

Twenty Varieties of the Samgha: A Typology of Noble Beings (Ārya) in Indo-Tibetan Scholasticism (Part I)

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