Silicon (Si) is one of the most prevalent macroelements, performing an essential function in healing plants in response to environmental stresses. The purpose of using Si is to induce resistance to distinct stresses, diseases, and pathogens. Additionally, Si can improve the condition of soils, which contain toxic levels of heavy metals along with other chemical elements. Silicon minimizes toxicity of Fe, Al, and Mn, increases the availability of P, and enhances drought along with salt tolerance in plants through the formation of silicified tissues in plants. However, the concentration of Si depends on the plants genotype and organisms. Hence, the physiological mechanisms and metabolic activities of plants may be affected by Si application. Peptides as well as amino acids can effectively create polysilicic species through interactions with different species of silicate inside solution. The carboxylic acid and the alcohol groups of serine and asparagine tend not to engage in any significant role in polysilicates formation, but the hydroxyl group side chain can be involved in the formation of hydrogen bond with Si(OH)4. The mechanisms and trend of Si absorption are different between plant species. Furthermore, the transportation of Si requires an energy mechanism; thus, low temperatures and metabolic repressors inhibit Si transportation.

/pdf/importance-of-silicon-and-mechanisms-of-biosilica-formation-5r7ndq414b.pdf

Importance of silicon and mechanisms of biosilica formation in plants.

Subsoil acidity is a major problem in many parts of the world, particularly on highly weathered soils. In addition, subsoil acidity has been reported in some areas where the acidity is derived from the parent material rather than advanced weathering processes. The restricted rooting zone that results from excessive aluminum (Al) or insufficient calcium (Ca) in these soils becomes particularly acute during dry periods because the moisture in the subsoil is beyond the reach of roots. These soils are usually located in areas receiving adequate annual rainfall, but with a growing season during which drought conditions frequently occur. Much of the rainfall received during the growing season in these areas comes in the form of intense thunderstorms, resulting in a higher percentage of water being lost as runoff, which further exacerbates the problem.

Assessing and Modifying Ca and Al Levels in Acid Subsoils

The amount of monosilicic acid (H4SiO4), which is the plant-available form of silicon (Si), released from fertilizers can be influenced by Si source and soil properties. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted using six soil series from Louisiana to document the differences in the release characteristics of H4SiO4 from wollastonite and slag. Monosilicic acid in solution released from slag declined with time while wollastonite consistently increased its concentration across all soil suspensions well above 40 µg mL−1. Among these soil series, soils high in organic matter and clay were seen to have maximum percent sorption (up to 79%) with minimum polymerization of H4SiO4. The presence of ions like aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg) enhanced the process of H4SiO4 polymerization, which led to a decrease in H4SiO4 concentration in solution. Evident relationships were observed between H4SiO4 concentration in solution with added Si sources and sorbed quantity from soil solutions.

Release and Sorption Pattern of Monosilicic Acid from Silicon Fertilizers in Different Soils of Louisiana: A Laboratory Incubation Study

In recent decades, environmental pollution due to presence of toxic metal elements come across globally with severe threats to plants, soil, humans, and animals. The major causes behind this are rapid and injudicious industrialization, intensive farming, faulty mining activities, and wastes which get accumulated in the soil at higher toxic concentration after long term exposure. Even a slight upsurge in the heavy metal concentration beyond permissible limit causes harmful effects to all the living entities. The acquaintance of plants to metal contaminated growing media diminishes crop performance by altering vegetative and reproductive development that eventually affect sustainability of agricultural production. Silicon (Si) exhibits a significant key role in minimizing heavy metal poisonousness in plants. Amending soil with silicates reduces toxic effect of heavy metals by involving various mechanisms and stimulates crop development by lessening various stresses due to biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we reviewed the most recent research development using silicon as amendment for mitigation of adverse impacts of heavy metals in plants. The paper will be describing about the advanced technologies related to usage of silicon in crop cultivation to enhance sustainable crop production by altering and (or) improving metal contaminated soils.

Silicon Potential to Mitigate Plant Heavy Metals Stress for Sustainable Agriculture: a Review

Economic losses in a range of fruit crops due to the Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) have become severe. Removal and treatment of fruit waste, which may harbor D. suzukii, is a key step in preventing reinfestation of fruit production. Natural fermentation for disinfesting fruit wastes from D. suzukii was examined at ambient air temperatures of 12-20 °C. Soft and stone fruit wastes infested with eggs, larvae, and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) or D. suzukii were placed in sealed vessels containing fruit wastes, and samples were retrieved at intervals and tested for the emergence of adults. Mean temperatures of the fruit waste in the sealed vessels during fermentation were 15-23 °C. Fermentation for 3 d was effective in disinfesting waste from different life stages of D. suzukii. Treatment for 4 d also ensured that the waste was free of viable life stages of D. melanogaster, which could be used as an indicator species for disinfestation of waste from D. suzukii owing to its greater tolerance of fermentation. The O2 concentration of the headspace air in the vessels became undetectable after 13-16 h, with a corresponding increase in CO2 concentration, which exceeded 80% vol/vol. The resulting hypoxia and hypercapnia may explain the efficacy of the fermentation treatment in disinfesting the waste. Fermented fruit remained attractive to D. suzukii and retained its capacity to rear a life cycle. Covering or mixing fermented fruit with a sufficient depth (0.1 m) or volume (×9) of soil or coir prevented the reinfestation of treated waste.

Fermentation for Disinfesting Fruit Waste From Drosophila Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

The distribution of soil pH, extractable soil P, and AI was studied during 5 years of cropping in the soil profiles of a gibbsihumox soil at one P level (280 kg P/ha), three Si levels (0,830, and 1.660 kg Si/ha), and three pH levels (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5). The effect of residual Si on increased P availability was evident only in the surface layer. There was no indication of P movement below 15-cm depth as very little P was detected in the 15- to 30-cm soil layers. The differential in the observed soil pH due to initially adjusted pH values was persistent during the length of experiment as the soil pH values were higher at pH 6.5 treatment than that at pH 5.5 or 6.0 to a depth of 90 cm. The soil pH values were lower in the 15- to 30-cm soil depth than that in the 0- to 15-cm depth. This phenomenon was observed at all pH treatments at the 27-, 40-, and 56-month sampling and demonstrated that more of the liming material reacted with the surface soil and less moved to subsurface layer. The high A1 conce...

Residual effect of calcium silicate on Ph, phosphorus, and aluminum in a tropical soil profile

The 3 tephritids in Hawaii of economic importance, namely the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratltls capltata (Wiedemann), the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett, showed marked differences in species‐, age‐, and sex‐specific susceptibilities to CO2 anesthetization. Mortalities for medflies exposed to CO2 increased more with time than did mortalities for the other 2 species. Older medflies and oriental fruit flies were more susceptible to CO2 exposure than were younger flies. Female medflies and oriental fruit flies were generally affected more by CO2 exposure than were males. Melon files were the least affected of the tested species by anesthetization with CO2.

Species‐, age‐, and sex‐specific susceptibility of Mediterranean fruit flies 1 , oriental fruit flies 1 , and melon flies 1 to carbon dioxide 2

In 1976 we reported1 that certain perfume fixatives controlled the release of trimedlure,2 an attractant of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and thereby enhanced the duration of effectiveness of this lure. The perfume fixatives were evaluated in an olfactometer stocked with laboratory massreared flies, and included tonalid, musk R-1, ambrettozone, galaxolide, astrotone, hibiscolide, phantolid, and musk BRB.

Optimal Formulations with Phantolid for Extending the Duration of Effectiveness of Trimedlure and Methyl (E)-6-Nonenoate as Attractants to Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies

Laboratory‐reared virgin females of 3 species of Tephritidae oviposited significantly fewer eggs than similar previously mated females. Melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, were most affected (3.0X more eggs for mated females), and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were least affected; oriental fruit flies, D. dorsalis Hendel, were in between. Numbers of eggs laid by females mated with males treated either with tepa in drinking water or with gamma irradiation were not significantly different from those laid by females mated with untreated males. Thus, mating per se was important in enhancing oviposition regardless of the fertility of the males.

Species‐specific enhancement of oviposition of female oriental fruit flies 1 , melon flies 1 , and mediterranean fruit flies 1 when mated with normal males or with males sexually sterilized by tepa or gamma irradiation 2

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Residual effect of calcium silicate on Ph, phosphorus, and aluminum in a tropical soil profile

Species‐, age‐, and sex‐specific susceptibility of Mediterranean fruit flies 1 , oriental fruit flies 1 , and melon flies 1 to carbon dioxide 2

Optimal Formulations with Phantolid for Extending the Duration of Effectiveness of Trimedlure and Methyl (E)-6-Nonenoate as Attractants to Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies

Species‐specific enhancement of oviposition of female oriental fruit flies 1 , melon flies 1 , and mediterranean fruit flies 1 when mated with normal males or with males sexually sterilized by tepa or gamma irradiation 2