The taxonomic treatment of trace fossils needs a uniform approach, independent of the ethologic groups concerned. To this aim, trace fossils are rigorously defined with regard to biological taxa and physical sedimentary structures. Potential ichnotaxobases are evaluated, with morphology resulting as the most important criterion. For trace fossils related to bioerosion and herbivory, substrate plays a key role, as well as composition for coprolites. Size, producer, age, facies and preservation are rejected as ichnotaxobases. Separate names for undertracks and other poorly preserved material should gradually be replaced by ichnotaxa based on well-preserved specimens. Recent traces may be identified using established trace fossil taxa but new names can only be based on fossil material, even if the distinction between recent and fossil may frequently remain arbitrary. It is stressed that ichnotaxa must not be incorporated into biological taxa in systematics. Composite trace fossil structures (complex structures made by the combined activity of two or more species) have no ichnotaxonomic standing but compound traces (complex structures made by one individual tracemaker) may be named separately under certain provisions. The following emendations are proposed to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: The term ‘work of an animal' should be deleted from the code, and ichnotaxa should be based solely on trace fossils as defined herein.

Names for trace fossils: a uniform approach

Although there have been numerous isolated studies and reports of symbiotic relationships of polychaetes and other marine animals, the only previous attempt to provide an overview of these phenomena among the polychaetes comes from the 1950s, with no more than 70 species of symbionts being very briefly treated. Based on the available literature and on our own field observations, we compiled a list of the mentions of symbiotic polychaetes known to date. Thus, the present review includes 292 species of commensal polychaetes from 28 families involved in 713 relationships and 81 species of parasitic polychaetes from 13 families involved in 253 relationships. When possible, the main characteristic features of symbiotic polychaetes and their relationships are discussed. Among them, we include systematic account, distribution within host groups, host specificity, intra-host distribution, location on the host, infestation prevalence and intensity, and morphological, behavioural and/or physiological and reproductive adaptations. When appropriate, the possible directions for further research are also indicated. Martin, D. & Britayev, T.A., 1998. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 36: 217-340. 2 INDEX (You may use the links at this index and throughout the text to visit the different chapters, Tables and figures)

/pdf/symbiotic-polychaetes-review-of-known-species-3qlqniscuy.pdf

Symbiotic polychaetes: Review of known species

Hermit crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates

Marine borers are nearly ubiquitous in the modern seabed. Their distinctive excavations provide abundant potential trace fossils, and their general erosional activities (bioerosion) are important factors in marine sedimentation and benthic ecology.

Borings As Trace Fossils, and the Processes of Marine Bioerosion

This paper reviews the alien polychaete species in the world's oceans and their impacts on the marine ecosystems and humans. A total of 292 polychaete species belonging to 164 genera and 39 families have been transported around the world's oceans with human-mediated assistance. Almost 15% of total number of known polychaete genera and 3.4% of total number of species are included in this phenomenon. A total of 180 species have become established in the world's oceans and 31 species (casual species) have a potential to establish viable populations in a new location. The most speciose genera are Hydroides (16 species) and Polydora (16 species), both accounting for 10% of the total number of alien species. The families Spionidae (53 species) and Serpulidae (46 species) have the highest number of alien species. The Mediterranean Sea (134 species), and the coasts of the Hawaii Islands (47 species) and the USA Pacific (34 species) have been intensively invaded by alien polychaetes. The origins of alien species vary among regions. Alien polychaete species in the Mediterranean Sea mostly originated from the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific areas. Benthic habitats of the areas between 40°N and 40°S were colonized by polychaetes mostly originating from other tropical and subtropical regions. The Suez Canal and shipping are the major vectors for species introductions. Some species imported and exported as fishing baits have become established at non-native localities. The invasive polychaete species have greatly altered habitat structures in some areas, restructured the food webs, and created important economic problems.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0025315412001646

Alien polychaete species worldwide: current status and their impacts

In a survey of shell-boring polychaeles of New England, representatives of five families were found: Spionidae, Cirratulidae, Capitellidae, Terebellidae, and Sabellidae.

The five spionid species were studied extensively. These include Polydora commensalis Andrews, found only in shells occupied by hermit crabs, P. concharum Verrill, P. socialis (Schmarda) , P. websleri Hartman, and Boccardia hamata (Webster) , found in various types of shell. Breeding periods were defined and the larval development described for each species. Polydora concharum deposits egg capsules inwinter months, while the oilier polydorids spawn in spring or summer. Morphology of planktonic larvae is distinct in each species, although P. websteri larvae may be confused with non-boring species such as P. ligni Webster. Polydora socialis adults are found in both shells and sediment and have a unique grinding apparatus, a gizzard, between the esophagus and intestine.

The cirratulid, Dodecaceria sp., follows an asexual mode of reproduction. The syslematics of Dodecaceria is complex owing to multiple modes of reproduction. No sexually mature individuals were observed during the course of this study. Asexual budswere found in the Fall.

A sabellid, Pseudopolamilla reniformis (Miiller), is commonly found in theshells of Placopeclen magellanicits (Gmelin) in Maine waters. Its reproductionis unknown.

Systematics and Ecology of Shell-Boring Polychaetes from New England

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Systematics and Ecology of Shell-Boring Polychaetes from New England