Terminology Drought Stress Drought Resistance Temperature Stress Nutrient Stress Salt Stress Irradiation Stress Allelochemical Stress Effects of Stress on Membranes The Role of Phytohormones in Stressed Plants Stress Tolerance through Biotechnology Glossary Index.

The Physiology of Plants Under Stress.

The experimental use of the relative addition rate as the driving variable for plant nutrition and growth is reviewed with special attention to the theoretical background and the technical and methodological problems. In this technique the culture solution is not a “nutrient solution” in the classical sense, i.e. a solution with a specified initial concentration of nutrient salts. Instead the solution is a carrier of repeatedly added nutrients to the roots. The nutrients are added quantitatively for a specified growth rate and period of time, to permit a steady state relative uptake rate. High accuracy in the control of nutrition and growth has been obtained in solution culture experiments in which the relative addition rate was applied as the treatment variable, when all necessary nutrients were accounted for, when the additions were made very often, and when the culture solution was in darkness and in good physical contact with the roots.

Theory and techniques for steady state mineral nutrition and growth of plants [nutrient status, nutrient uptake rate, nutrient productivity, relative addition rate, relative growth rate, relative uptake rate]

Reforestation efforts in dryland ecosystems frequently encounter drought and limited soil productivity, although both factors usually interact synergistically to worsen water stress for outplanted seedlings. Land degradation in drylands (e.g. desertification) usually reduces soil productivity and, especially, soil water availability. In dry sub-humid regions, forest fires constitute a major disturbance affecting ecosystem dynamics and reforestation planning. Climate change projections indicate an increase of drought and more severe fire regime in many dryland regions of the world. In this context, the main target of plantation technology development is to overcome transplant shock and likely adverse periods, and in drylands this is mostly related to water limitations. In this paper, we discuss some selected steps that we consider critical for improving success in outplanting woody plants, both under current and projected climate change conditions including: (1) Plant species selection, (2) Improved nursery techniques, and (3) Improved planting techniques. The number of plant species used in reforestation is increasing rapidly, moving from a reduced set of well-known, easy-to-grow, widely used species, to a large variety of promising native species. Available technologies allow for reintroducing native plants and recovering critical ecosystem functions for many degraded drylands. However, climate change projections introduce large uncertainties about the sustainability of current reforestation practices. To cope with these uncertainties, adaptive restoration approaches are suggested, on the basis of improved plant quality, improved techniques for optimizing rain use efficiency in plantations, and exploring native plant species, including provenances and genotypes, for their resilience to fire and water use efficiency.

Perspectives in dryland restoration: approaches for climate change adaptation

Genus Quercus L. has been closely associated to humans throughout the history, with empirical evidences of such relationship before the appearance of Homo sapiens strictly speaking. Since then, mankind has obtained different basic resources from oaks, from acorns as food, charcoal for metal melting or wood as key material for different works. Such relation has been especially strong in some areas where oaks are considered as “tree of life” or “people’s species”. Moreover, the interest of scientists in the study of this genus has provided a lot of new discovers in different areas of the socalled plant sciences. Genus Quercus, comprising more than 400 species found throughout the Northern Hemisphere in a lot of contrasted habitats, have been the case study in many papers about taxonomy, palaeobotany, plant physiology or basic and applied ecology. This fact is summarized in this chapter, serving as a preface to this book. Mankind has established a close relationship with oaks, which are deeply rooted in the folklore, mythology or even religion of many human cultures (Ciesla 2002; Chassé 2016; Out 2017). In fact, Goren-Inbar et al. (2000) recovered Quercus sp. rests among the “edible species” found in the Acheulean (Middle Pleistocene, 780,000 years ago) archaeological site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (Israel). In a later study, Goren-Inbar et al. (2002) went beyond and suggested that hominins population that occupied this site during this period consumed acorns from Q. calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis. So, this evidence dates such relationship between oaks and “human” transcends our existence as Homo sapiens. The practise of acorn eating by human hunter-gatherer cultures has been well documented by archaeologists since the Palaeolithic (Cacho 1986; Chassé 2016). Many other archaeological evidences seem to indicate the importance of acorns eating for the survival of pre-Neolithic cultures of the eastern Mediterranean Basin E. Gil-Pelegrín (&) J. J. Peguero-Pina D. Sancho-Knapik Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda, Montañana 930, 50059 Saragossa, Spain e-mail: egilp@cita-aragon.es © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 E. Gil-Pelegrín et al. (eds.), Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L., Tree Physiology 7, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_1 1 (Natufian), living under a Mediterranean-type climate with associated oak woodlands (e.g. McCorriston 1994; Olszewski 2004). This dietary resource remained very important for sedentary cultures, as evidenced by many archaeological sites corresponding to Pre-Roman cultures of the Iberian Peninsula (Pereira-Sieso and García-Gómez 2002). Moreover, the consumption of acorns by people during famine moments, associated to poor harvests, is reported until the 18th century (García-Gómez et al. 2002). A well-known example of ancestral dependence on the resources offered by oaks is given also by the native cultures of southeastern USA (Fagan 2004). Anderson (2007) used the expression “bread of life” for acorns, due to their paramount importance for the indigenous diet of this region. However, this author went further when defined such relationship, since he also proposed the expression “tree of life” for oaks in their relation with these cultures due to the many other benefits they obtained from these trees. In the same direction, Long et al. (2016) proposed to consider Q. kelloggii as a “cultural keystone” species for the indigenous cultures of California and Oregon, in the sense that Garibaldi and Turner (2004) gave to this concept. These indigenous managed traditionally oak forests (Anderson 2005), even with the use of fire to control the dominance of conifers (Ciesla 2002; Anderson 2007), yielding a mutual benefit for humans and oaks, as part of their “traditional ecological knowledge” (Long et al. 2016). The use nowadays of different resources offered by Quercus species to the inhabitants in the “Middle Hills” of Central Himalaya (Shrestra et al. 2013) is another example of the complex dependence between oak woodlands and humans. The many resources that people obtains from these forest communities are so extent that Singh and Singh (1986) used the term “people’s species” for oaks living in this region, with a very special mention to the banj oak (Q. leucotrichophora). As is indicated by these authors, the oak woodlands in Central Himalaya offer different benefits for humans, such as forage for cattle, firewood, or compost from leaves to manure the crop fields. Moreover, at a landscape scale, the existence of oaks is clearly related to the amount and quality of spring water, besides the critical influence on soil conservation in a territory of high slopes. However, this complex relationship is fragile and the sustainability is dependent on the exploitation intensity. Shrestra et al. (2013) analysed the coexistence of oaks and humans in Nepal, with especial reference to the situation of Q. semecarpifolia stands. They indicated that, while the presence of humans in these “Middle Hills” of the Central Himalaya goes back several millennia, a severe increase in the Nepal population (due to growth and migration) during the last century has dealt to a sobreexplotation of these habitats, with negative effects on forest structure, regeneration and species diversity associated to these ecosystems (Christensen and Heilmann-Clausen 2009). The existence of a high disturbance due to human pressure on these forests has been also pointed out in other areas of the Central Himalaya, severely reducing the viability and the area of banj oak forests (Singh et al. 2014). In the Iberian Peninsula, a particular exploitation regime of the mediterranean woodlands is the development of cleared oak forests or savannah-like woodlands of Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia or Q. suber, constituting the so-called “dehesas” in 2 E. Gil-Pelegrín et al.

Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L.

In dryland ecosystems, post-transplant water stress produces high seedling mortality after the first summer following outplanting. Our aim was to assess the effects of clay and hydrogel, both on the water holding capacity of the growing media and on various morphological and physiological characteristics of Quercus suber seedlings in the nursery and, subsequently, during the first 2 years in the field. Quercus suber L. seedlings were grown in four types of growing media: CS (Control growing media, standard mixture of limed peat and coconut peat, 1:1 v/v ratio), SC-10 (CS mixed with sepiolite clay at 10% v/v) and HS (CS mixed with hydrogel Stockosorb® K-400 at two doses, 0.7 and 1.5% w/w). HS-1.5 showed the best results, increasing the water holding capacity of the root plug, improving seedling water status and increasing seedling survival in the field. SC-10 showed an intermediate effect on seedling response in the field. Mixing hydrogel with a peat-based growing medium to form root plugs is a suitable technique for cultivating species to be planted in areas with a strong water deficit. This technique reduces post-transplant water stress in seedlings during their first months in the field and contributes to improve forest-restoration methods in dryland ecosystems.

/pdf/using-hydrogel-and-clay-to-improve-the-water-status-of-2eouqi33fs.pdf

Using hydrogel and clay to improve the water status of seedlings for dryland restoration

Ecological restoration in degraded drylands:the need to improve the seedling quality and site conditions in the field

Assessing Morphological and Physiological Plant Quality for Mediterranean Woodland Restoration Projects

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Ecological restoration in degraded drylands:the need to improve the seedling quality and site conditions in the field

Assessing Morphological and Physiological Plant Quality for Mediterranean Woodland Restoration Projects