Extensive industrial activities resulted in an increase in chromium (Cr) contamination in the environment. The toxicity of Cr severely affects plant growth and development. Cr is also recognized as a human carcinogen that enters the human body via inhalation or by consuming Cr-contaminated food products. Taking consideration of Cr enrichment in the environment and its toxic effects, US Environmental Protection Agency and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry listed Cr as a priority pollutant. In nature, Cr exists in various valence states, including Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is the most toxic and persistent form in soil. Plants uptake Cr through various transporters such as phosphate and sulfate transporters. Cr exerts its effect by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hampering various metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies on genetic and transcriptional regulation of plants have shown the various detoxification genes get up-regulated and confer tolerance in plants under Cr stress. In recent years, the ability of the plant to withstand Cr toxicity by accumulating Cr inside the plant has been recognized as one of the promising bioremediation methods for the Cr contaminated region. This review summarized the Cr occurrence and toxicity in plants, role of detoxification genes in Cr stress response, and various plants utilized for phytoremediation in Cr-contaminated regions.

Chromium Stress in Plants: Toxicity, Tolerance and Phytoremediation

AM fungi mediated bioaccumulation of hexavalent chromium in Brachiaria mutica-a mycorrhizal phytoremediation approach

Mining activities mobilize the heavy metals into the ecosystem. Metals are accumulated in the ecosystem and then contaminate the food chain. Thus, alleviation of heavy metals from mining locations deserves special attention for smooth functioning of ecosystem. Different techniques are available for restoration of contaminated sites but remediation of metals through plants is of better choice to solve the contamination problem. Therefore, identification of species for remediation of toxic metals is significant for restoration of the contaminated areas. The article discusses the phytoremediation potential of the grass family Poaceae. Poaceae have been efficacious for cleansing of contaminated environment since they are easy to cultivate with high biomass, fast growth and tolerant to toxic environment. They are also capable to accumulate high amount of toxic metals in the rhizospheric region and least translocation to the shoot. The phytoremediation efficiency of different members of Poaceae was determined by Transportation index (Ti), Bio-concentration factor (BCF) and Tolerance index (TI). Values of Ti > 1 for plant species are considered as suitable for phytoextraction. Most of the members of grass family like lemongrass the value of Ti showed > 1. Therefore, the grass family Poaceae is recommended for restoration of contaminated lands in a sustainable manner.

Poaceae plants as potential phytoremediators of heavy metals and eco-restoration in contaminated mining sites

The growing loss of soil functionality due to contamination by metal(loid)s, alone or in combination with organic pollutants, is a global environmental issue that entails major risks to ecosystems and human health. Consequently, the management and restructuring of large meta(loid)-polluted areas through sustainable nature-based solutions is currently a priority in research programs and legislation worldwide. Over the last few years, phytomanagement has emerged as a promising phytotechnology, focused on the use of plants and associated microorganisms, together with ad hoc site management practices, for an economically viable and ecologically sustainable recovery of contaminated sites. It promotes simultaneously the recovery of soil ecological functions and the decrease of pollutant linkages, while providing economic revenues, e.g. by producing non-food crops for biomass-processing technologies (biofuel and bioenergy sector, ecomaterials, biosourced-chemistry, etc.), thus contributing to the international demand for sustainable and renewable sources of energy and raw materials for the bioeconomy. Potential environmental benefits also include the provision of valuable ecosystem services such as water drainage management, soil erosion deterrence, C sequestration, regulation of nutrient cycles, xenobiotic biodegradation, and metal(loid) stabilization. Phytomanagement relies on the proper selection of (i) plants and (ii) microbial inoculants with the capacity to behave as powerful plant allies, e.g. PGPB: plant growth-promoting bacteria, and MF: mycorrhizal fungi. This review gives an up-to-date overview of the main annual, perennial and woody crops (as well as the most adequate cropping systems) presently used to phytomanage metal(loid)-contaminated soils, and the relevant products and ecosystems services provided by the various phytomanagement options. Suitable bioaugmentation practices with PGPB and MF are also discussed. Furthermore, we identify the potential interest of phytomanagement for stakeholders and end-users and highlight future opportunities boosted by an effective engagement between environmental protection and economic development. We conclude by presenting the legal and regulatory framework of soil remediation and by discussing prospects for phytotechnologies applications in the future.

/pdf/phytomanagement-of-metal-loid-contaminated-soils-options-1pwmu7ywfa.pdf

Phytomanagement of Metal(loid)-Contaminated Soils: Options, Efficiency and Value

Comparing chromium phyto-assessment in Brachiaria mutica and Leptochloa fusca growing on chromium polluted soil.

Assessment of chromium phytotoxicity, phytoremediation and tolerance potential of Sesbania sesban and Brachiaria mutica grown on chromite mine overburden dumps and garden soil.

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Assessment of chromium phytotoxicity, phytoremediation and tolerance potential of Sesbania sesban and Brachiaria mutica grown on chromite mine overburden dumps and garden soil.