Post-depositional alteration and preservation of sedimentary event layers on continental margins, I. The role of episodic sedimentation

Event sedimentation, bioturbation, and preserved sedimentary fabric : Field and model comparisons in three contrasting marine settings

The goods and services provided by coastal systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the earth’s life support systems. They also contribute significantly to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent a significant portion of the total economic value of the global environment. Coastal systems including estuaries, coastal wetlands, river deltas and coastal shelves are particularly rich in ecosystem goods and services. They provide a wide range of highly valued resources including fisheries, open spaces, wildlife habitat, nutrient cycling, and recreational opportunities. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for the assessment and valuation of goods and services provided by coastal systems. First, we elucidate a formal system based on functional diversity for classifying and valuing coastal ecosystem services, emphasizing that no single ecological or economic methodology can capture the total value of these complex systems. Second, we demonstrate the process of ecosystem service valuation using a series of economic case studies and examples drawn from peer-reviewed literature. We conclude with observations on the future of coastal ecosystem service valuation and its potential role in the science and management of coastal zone resources. 2 The Intertidal Ecosystem

/pdf/the-intertidal-ecosystem-the-value-of-ireland-s-shores-2hv6mr8csp.pdf

The intertidal ecosystem: the value of Ireland’s shores

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00780265/document

Particle reworking and solute transport by the sediment-living polychaetes Marenzelleria neglecta and Hediste diversicolor

Bioturbation is one of the most widespread forms of ecological engineering and has significant implications for the structure and functioning of ecosystems, yet our understanding of the processes involved in biotic mixing remains incomplete. One reason is that, despite their value and utility, most mathematical models currently applied to bioturbation data tend to neglect aspects of the natural complexity of bioturbation in favour of mathematical simplicity. At the same time, the abstract nature of these approaches limits the application of such models to a limited range of users. Here, we contend that a movement towards process-based modelling can improve both the representation of the mechanistic basis of bioturbation and the intuitiveness of modelling approaches. In support of this initiative, we present an open source modelling framework that explicitly simulates particle displacement and a worked example to facilitate application and further development. The framework combines the advantages of rule-based lattice models with the application of parameterisable probability density functions to generate mixing on the lattice. Model parameters can be fitted by experimental data and describe particle displacement at the spatial and temporal scales at which bioturbation data is routinely collected. By using the same model structure across species, but generating species-specific parameters, a generic understanding of species-specific bioturbation behaviour can be achieved. An application to a case study and comparison with a commonly used model attest the predictive power of the approach.

/pdf/an-open-source-simulation-model-for-soil-and-sediment-1g3r535md7.pdf

An Open Source Simulation Model for Soil and Sediment Bioturbation

Lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator (LABS): implementation for small deposit feeders

The mixing of 210 Pb and tagged particles is examined in a lattice-automaton model for bioturbation containing small deposit feeders. The values of the biodiffusion coefe cient, D B, calculated using typical biological parameter values, i.e., size, abundance, feeding and locomotion rates, are similar to those expected from marine sediments of a given sedimentation rate. Most biological parameters appear to exert primarily linear effects on D B values, while most nonlinearities seem to be model artifacts or failures of the assumptions in the basic DB model. The model highlights the importance of ingestion-egestion, over simple particle displacement, as an agent of bioturbation. The tagged particles are used to calculate root-mean-squared displacement plots, which are linear over long time spans, indicating diffusive behavior. However, initial trends on such plots are not usually linear, indicating that the calculated D B is time dependent for surprisingly long periods after the beginning of such experiments. The latter constitutes a warning to the interpretation of short-term tracer experiments where tagged-particles are salted onto the sediment-water interface and mixing is dominated by small deposit feeders.

/pdf/diffusion-in-a-lattice-automaton-model-of-bioturbation-by-n1n2dt0pxn.pdf

Diffusion in a lattice-automaton model of bioturbation by small deposit feeders

The activities of infauna have a profound influence on thefabric and composition of sediments For example, sedimentfabric and structure are modified and biogenic hetero-geneities are created that change the acoustic response andgeotechnical properties; contaminants at the sediment-waterinterface can be removed to depth far more rapidly than byburial alone, whereas "capped" pollutants can be transportedback to the surface and re-introduced to the environment; thepreserved geological/geochemical record can be funda-mentally altered in terms of both timing and intensity ofevents, clouding our understanding of climate andpalaeoceanography; finally, geochemical reactions can beinstigated or significantly promoted, such as the dissolution ofcarbonates or redox reactionsMost models of bioturbation adopt a continuumrepresentation in the form of diffusion or non-local mixingmodels These representations are comparable to diffusivemodels of turbulence, i e, very good at fitting data andmarginally successful at making actual predictions, butextremely limited in providing mechanistic understanding ofthe link between real animal activities and sediment mixingThis final failure constitutes a major problem to furtherprogress in this fieldThe authors are addressing this challenge with a new typeof model (B

/pdf/lattice-automaton-modelling-of-bioturbation-implications-for-19l6ntx2hc.pdf

Lattice-automaton modelling of bioturbation: implications for short-lived and early transient tracers

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Lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator (LABS): implementation for small deposit feeders

Diffusion in a lattice-automaton model of bioturbation by small deposit feeders

Lattice-automaton modelling of bioturbation: implications for short-lived and early transient tracers