An introduction to my forthcoming book, this essay takes a broad, sweeping look at second-wave feminism, situating the movement's unfolding in relation to three moments in the history of capitalism. In the first moment, feminism posed a radical challenge to the pervasive androcentrism of "state-organized capitalism". In the second, the movement unwittingly supplied a key ingredient of what Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello call the "new spirit" of neoliberal capitalism. In the third (present) moment, of capitalist crisis, feminists have the chance to reactivate the movement's emancipatory promise.

/pdf/feminism-capitalism-and-the-cunning-of-history-3xqajp556l.pdf

Feminism, Capitalism, and the Cunning of History

In his classic 1944 book, The Great Transformation, Karl Polanyi traced the roots of capitalist crisis to efforts to create "self-regulating markets" in land, labor, and money. The effect was to turn those three fundamental bases of social life into "fictitious commodities".The inevitable result, Polanyi claimed, was to despoil nature, rupture communities, and destroy livelihoods. This diagnosis has strong echoes in the 21st century: witness the burgeoning markets in carbon emissions and biotechnology; in child-care, schooling, and the care of the old; and in financial derivatives. In this situation, Polanyi's idea of fictitious commodification affords a promising basis for an integrated structural analysis that connects three dimensions of the present crisis, the ecological, the social, and the financial. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of Polanyi's idea.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00725060/document

Can society be commodities all the way down? Polanyian reflections on capitalist crisis

Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War

Cosmopolitan sociology has tackled broad themes like risk, family, religion, power, war, inequality, memory, and civil society movements exploring their reconfiguration in the global age. Tellingly, the concept of the national is often perceived, both in public and scientific discourse as the central obstacle for the realization of cosmopolitan orientations. Consequently, debates about the nation tend to revolve around its persistence or its demise. We depart from this either-or perspective by investigating the formation of the cosmopolitanized nations' as a facet of world risk society. This re-imagination of nationhood evolves, among other things, in the context of global norms (e.g. human rights), globalized markets, transnational migrations and embeddedness in international organizations. Here we focus on a mechanism involving the promulgation of 'risk societies'. Modern collectivities are increasingly preoccupied with debating, preventing and managing risks. However, unlike earlier manifestations of risk characterized by daring actions or predictability models, global risks cannot be calculated or forecast anymore. Accordingly, more influence accrues to the perception of risk, largely constructed by media representations of disasters. In a first step we distinguish between a normative cosmopolitanism and analytic cosmopolitization processes. The cosmopolitanized nations, we argue, reflect a new mode of collective identification, whereby we differentiate between presumptions of thick belonging and the actual proliferation of cosmopolitan affiliations. This leads to a gradual distinction between a conventional (and naturalized) view of the national and an emerging figuration of cosmopolitan nationhood. In a second step we overcome the territorial fixation of the social sciences by shifting our attention to temporal dimensions, with a particular focus on competing conceptions of the future. Our findings suggest that cosmopolitanized nations are reimagined through the anticipation of endangered futures. In a third step we demonstrate how these cosmopolitan transformations of nationhood are taking place in the context of the emergence of a world risk society regime that marshalls a set of cosmopolitan imperatives situating the global other in our midst. In a fourth step we illustrate these developments by exploring how the mediatization of risk, and concomitant notions of the future contribute to the re-imagination of cosmopolitan risk collectivities.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00795250/document

Cosmopolitanized Nations: Re-imagining Collectivity in World Risk Society

A specialist on Russian politics and society examines the emerging regime in Russia under President Vladimir Putin in the context of hybrid regimes. Eschewing modified variants of both democracy and authoritarianism and the accompanying teleologies, Putin's regime is characterized as "managed pluralism." The model is presented through analysis of policy and practices affecting religion, political parties, the media, labor unions, civil society, business associations, and federal relations.

Managed Pluralism: Vladimir Putin's Emerging Regime

Pourquoi la science economique, celle que l'on enseigne aujourd'hui a tous les etudiants du monde, de Chicago a Moscou en passant par Paris, celle qui fonde le discours universel des experts, a-t-elle construit un modele d'economie qui exclut les questions de l'argent et du temps ? A partir de cet etonnant paradoxe, Jacques Sapir, economiste et directeur d'etudes a l'Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales, devoile les ressorts d'une discipline compliquee, dont les contorsions n'ont qu'un objet : evacuer la realite de l'economie et soumettre l'activite humaine au mythe de la concurrence. Cet ouvrage, qui permet de decouvrir les theses de Walras, Keynes et Hayek, theoriciens du marche, ou encore de Lange, theoricien de la planification, presente une analyse authentique et objective des phenomenes economiques contemporains. Mais il repond aussi a cette etrange question : pourquoi les economistes, dont le discours envahit notre vie, parlent-ils avec un bâillon sur la bouche ?

Les trous noirs de la science économique : essai sur l'impossibilité de penser le temps et l'argent

A distinguished French specialist on the Soviet and Russian economies analyzes the financial, political, and institutional crises facing Russia in 1999. Discussion of the vulnerabilities of the economy prior to the crash of 1998 is followed by a suggested program for coping with the currency, banking, and public finance crises, and for building market institutions. Comparisons are drawn with the post-war experiences of France, Italy, and Japan. The article includes an extended critique of the assumptions underlying alternative interpretations and prescriptions.

Russia's Crash of August 1998: Diagnosis and Prescription

A French specialist on the Russian economy analyzes the economic situation in Russia since the financial crisis of August 1998. Causes of the economic rebound during 1999–2000 are examined, along with evaluation of the limits of the rebound and of its sustainability. An economic program is proposed for sustaining the rebound, including evaluation of competing Russian programs under consideration by the government of President Putin.

The Russian Economy: From Rebound to Rebuilding

La notion de ciblage d'inflation (inflation targeting) a provoque de nombreuses discussions ces vingt dernieres annees. Il en ressort une remise en cause de la these classique sur la nature purement monetaire de l'inflation et, par la meme occasion du principe que l'inflation la plus basse est toujours la meilleure. La notion meme d'output gap montre que le niveau de l'inflation a bien une importance pour la croissance et que, dans certains cas, inflation et croissance sont en realite correlees positivement. Ceci est lie aux " dependance strategique " entre les secteurs de l'economie, mais aussi a l'idee que les comportements peuvent etre dependants du contexte. Apres avoir discute les hypotheses sur les rigidites structurelles et nominales, et compare quelques resultats, nous esquissons un modele bi-sectoriel, empruntant certaines des idees de Mankyw et Reis, mais en les developpant dans un cadre bien plus heterodoxe et post-Keynesien.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00712645/document

Inflation monétaire ou inflation structurelle

A French economist offers a reassessment of Russia's economic situation since the financial crisis of 1998 in light of developments in 2001-2002. Using official Russian data and departing from the commonly used real ruble-US dollar exchange rate, the author analyzes the origins of recent economic trends and possible scenarios for the future. The implications of short- and medium-term future trends are also examined, especially in the context of Russia's possible inclusion in the World Trade Organization or integration with the European Union.

Russia's Economic Growth and European Integration

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