The genus Sodalis as a resource for understanding the multifaceted evolution of bacterial symbiosis in insects

Fiber film have received widespread attention due to its green friendliness. We can use microorganisms to degrade lignin in straw to obtain cellulose and make fiber films. Herein, a group of high-temperature (50 °C) lignin degrading bacterial consortium (LDH) was enriched and culture conditions for lignin degradation were optimized. Combined with high-throughput sequencing technology, the synergistic effect of LDH-composited bacteria was analyzed. Then LDH was used to treat rice straw for the bio-pulping experiment. The results showed that the lignin of rice straw was degraded 32.4 % by LDH at 50 °C for 10 d, and after the optimization of culture conditions, lignin degradation rate increased by 9.05 % (P < 0.001). The bacteria that compose in LDH can synergistically degrade lignin. Paenibacillus can encode all lignin-degrading enzymes present in the LDH. Preliminary tests of LDH in the pulping industry have been completed. This study is the first to use high temperature lignin degrading bacteria to fabricate fiber film. 

Synergistic analysis of lignin degrading bacterial consortium and its application in rice straw fiber film.

Lignin, the largest non-carbohydrate component of lignocellulosic biomass, is also a recalcitrant component of the plant cell wall. While the aerobic degradation mechanism of lignin has been well-documented, the anaerobic degradation mechanism is still largely elusive. In this work, a versatile facultative anaerobic lignin-degrading bacterium, Klebsiella aerogenes TL3, was isolated from a termite gut, and was found to metabolize a variety of carbon sources and produce a single kind or multiple kinds of acids. The percent degradation of alkali lignin reached 14.8% under anaerobic conditions, and could reach 17.4% in the presence of glucose within 72 h. Based on the results of infrared spectroscopy and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, it can be inferred that the anaerobic degradation of lignin may undergo the cleavage of the C-O bond (β-O-4), as well as the C-C bond (β-5 and β-β), and involve the oxidation of the side chain, demethylation, and the destruction of the aromatic ring skeleton. Although the anaerobic degradation of lignin by TL3 was slightly weaker than that under aerobic conditions, it could be further enhanced by adding glucose as an electron donor. These results may shed new light on the mechanisms of anaerobic lignin degradation.

Lignin Degradation by Klebsiella aerogenes TL3 under Anaerobic Conditions

Abstract Bacteria define their heritable cell shape using membrane integral glycosyltransferases (GTases) of the shape, elongation, division and sporulation (SEDS) protein family and monofunctional D, D-transpeptidases of the class B penicillin-binding protein family (bPBP). Current models support bPBPs pairing with cognate GTases to drive cell elongation, cell division or spore formation. Recent studies in Salmonella enterica and Clostridioides difficile however support different models with more than one bPBP interacting with a particular GTase. Here, we mined databases to assess how this plasticity in interacting proteins is represented across the domain Bacteria. Like Salmonella, many bacteria of Enterobacterales encode alternative bPBPs while having a single set of morphogenetic GTases. When extended to the domain Bacteria, the analysis uncovered bPBPs lacking the pedestal domain required to interact with the GTase and GTases with β-sheet-rich regions facing outwards from the membrane. We also identified large size chimeric bPBPs fused to a GTase (FtsW/RodA/SpoVE) domain as putative “bifunctional” class B peptidoglycan synthases. Alteration of the bPBP: GTase 1:1 ratio appears as common feature, in some cases with unbalanced proliferation of both partners or with absence of one canonical bPBP (MrdA or FtsI). Bacteria were also found with some morphogenetic functions counter-selected involving pseudogenization in highly conserved loci like ftsI, mrdA, mreC or spoVE. Most of these bacteria encode non-canonical bPBPs bearing a PBP-A dimerisation domain instead of the canonical pedestal domain. Altogether, our findings challenge classical morphogenetic models and predict in many bacteria significant flexibility in how bPBPs and GTases combine to define cell shape. 

A global view of morphogenetic peptidoglycan synthases across the domain Bacteria

Serratia montpellierensis sp. nov., Isolated from Laboratory-Reared Parasitic Wasps Psyttalia lounsburyii Silvestri and Psyttalia ponerophaga Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Currently, in the paper industry, paper mill pulping relies on unsustainable and costly processes to remove lignin from lignocellulosic material. A greener approach is biopulping, which uses microbes and their enzymes to break down lignin. ABSTRACT Novel bacterial isolates with the capabilities of lignin depolymerization, catabolism, or both, could be pertinent to lignocellulosic biofuel applications. In this study, we aimed to identify anaerobic bacteria that could address the economic challenges faced with microbial-mediated biotechnologies, such as the need for aeration and mixing. Using a consortium seeded from temperate forest soil and enriched under anoxic conditions with organosolv lignin as the sole carbon source, we successfully isolated a novel bacterium, designated 159R. Based on the 16S rRNA gene, the isolate belongs to the genus Sodalis in the family Bruguierivoracaceae. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 6.38 Mbp and a GC content of 55 mol%. To resolve the phylogenetic position of 159R, its phylogeny was reconstructed using (i) 16S rRNA genes of its closest relatives, (ii) multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 100 genes, (iii) 49 clusters of orthologous groups (COG) domains, and (iv) 400 conserved proteins. Isolate 159R was closely related to the deadwood associated Sodalis guild rather than the tsetse fly and other insect endosymbiont guilds. Estimated genome-sequence-based digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), genome percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), and an alignment analysis between 159R and the Sodalis clade species further supported that isolate 159R was part of the Sodalis genus and a strain of Sodalis ligni. We proposed the name Sodalis ligni str. 159R (=DSM 110549 = ATCC TSD-177). IMPORTANCE Currently, in the paper industry, paper mill pulping relies on unsustainable and costly processes to remove lignin from lignocellulosic material. A greener approach is biopulping, which uses microbes and their enzymes to break down lignin. However, there are limitations to biopulping that prevent it from outcompeting other pulping processes, such as requiring constant aeration and mixing. Anaerobic bacteria are a promising alternative source for consolidated depolymerization of lignin and its conversion to valuable by-products. We presented Sodalis ligni str. 159R and its characteristics as another example of potential mechanisms that can be developed for lignocellulosic applications.

Sodalis ligni Strain 159R Isolated from an Anaerobic Lignin-Degrading Consortium

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Sodalis ligni Strain 159R Isolated from an Anaerobic Lignin-Degrading Consortium