Climate change is rapidly changing how we live, what we eat and produce, the crops we breed and the target traits. Previously underutilized orphan crops that are climate resilient are receiving much attention from the crops research community, as they are often the only crops left in the field after periods of extreme weather conditions. There are several orphan crops with incredible resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some are nutritious, while others provide good sources of biofuel, medicine and other industrial raw materials. Despite these benefits, orphan crops are still lacking in important genetic and genomic resources that could be used to fast track their improvement and make their production profitable. Progress has been made in generating draft genomes of at least 28 orphan crops over the last decade, thanks to the reducing cost of sequencing. The implementation of a structured breeding program that takes advantage of additional modern crop improvement tools such as genomic selection, speed breeding, genome editing, high throughput phenotyping and breeding digitization would make rapid improvement of these orphan crops possible, but would require coordinated research investment. Other production challenges such as lack of adequate germplasm conservation, poor/non-existent seed systems and agricultural extension services, as well as poor marketing channels will also need to be improved if orphan crops were to be profitable. We review the importance of breeding orphan crops under the increasing effects of climate change, highlight existing gaps that need to be addressed and share some lessons to be learned from major crops.

/pdf/genetics-and-breeding-for-climate-change-in-orphan-crops-26312lmj3o.pdf

Genetics and breeding for climate change in Orphan crops.

Proteins from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seed were isolated using acid-induced precipitation method and then hydrolysed using pepsin, trypsin and alcalase. The hydrolysates were investigated for in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties. The yield of peptic hydrolysis (68.9 ± 1.0%) was significantly higher than of tryptic (41.4 ± 1.1%) and alcalase (38.5 ± 0.5%) hydrolysis. Peptic hydrolysate showed the highest radical-scavenging ability whereas tryptic hydrolysate gave the highest reducing ability. In a concentrationdependent manner, the hydrolysates demonstrated potent α-amylase inhibitory ability with alcalase and tryptic hydrolysates exhibiting 86.0 ± 3.9 and 83.0 ± 3.5% α-amylase inhibition respectively (IC50 0.149 to 0.234 mg mL –1). Kinetic analysis revealed that the three enzyme hydrolysates inhibited α-amylase activity via a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. The results therefore indicate that these multidirectional bioactivities of watermelon seed protein hydrolysates may serve as useful tools in the formulation of antidiabetic agents.

/pdf/in-vitro-antioxidant-and-a-amylase-inhibitory-properties-of-2n5wfspi4p.pdf

In vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of watermelon seed protein hydrolysates

Proximate, mineral, and anti-nutrient compositions of underutilized plants of Ethiopia: Figl (Raphanus sativus L.), Girgir (Eruca sativa L) and Karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa): Implications for in-vitro mineral bioavailability

Water pollution by organic dyes is one of the most serious environmental problems worldwide. Malachite green (MG) is considered as one the serious organic dyes which is discharged in wastewater by leather and textile manufacturing plants. MG dye can cause severe hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, the removal of MG dye from wastewater is very important and essential. This study aims to synthesize a new magnetic hydrochar grafted to chitosan (MWSHC@CS) for the removal of MG dye from the aqueous solutions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the synthesized MWSHC@CS. Batch experiments were conducted to optimize MG dye adsorption conditions, including adsorbent mass, pH, temperature, initial concentration, and contact time. The results revealed that MWSHC@CS had an excellent removal efficiency (96.47 %) for MG dye at the optimum condition (at m: 20 mg, pH: 7.5, t: 420 min, and T: 298 K). Adsorption isotherms outcomes revealed the MG adsorption data were best fit by the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity (420.02 mg/g). Adsorption kinetics outcomes exhibited that the adsorption process of MG dye fitted well to the Elovich model. The thermodynamic results revealed that the adsorption process was physical, exothermic, and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanisms of MG onto MWSHC@CS were hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and π-π interactions. Furthermore, MWSHC@CS showed excellent reusability for the removal of MG over five cycles of adsorption-desorption (83.76 %). In conclusion, the study provides a new, low-cost, and effective magnetic nanocomposite based on chitosan as a promising adsorbent for the high-performance removal of MG dye from aqueous solutions. 

Magnetic hydrochar grafted-chitosan for enhanced efficient adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions: Modeling, adsorption behavior, and mechanism analysis

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of melon (Citrallus lanatus) seed oil (WMO) on the growth performance and immune response of growing rabbits. Thirty-six (36), 5-6 weeks weaner rabbit of mixed breed and sex with an average weight of 435 g – 438 grams were randomly divided into four (4) treatments of nine rabbits per group and each rabbit served as a replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks and all other management practices were strictly observed. The basal diet was formulated according to the nutrient requirements of the rabbit according to NRC (1977). Treatment (T1) was fed basal diet with 0 % WMO, T2, T3, and T4 were fed basal diet supplemented with WMO at 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6 % respectively. Results obtained were used to examine the average daily weight gain (ADWG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed: gain, mortality, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malonyl dialdehyde (MLA). ADWG, feed: gain, and mortality were significantly different (P˂0.05) among the treatments. ADFI increased as the level of WMO increases, though not at a significant level (P˃0.05). The highest mortality was recorded among animals in T1 (1.00 %), none was recorded in the other treatments (P˂0.05).  Activities of SOD, GST, GSH, and MLA were significantly (P˃0.05) influenced by WMO. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of WMO up to 0.6 % enhanced growth performance, improved feed: gain, and had no negative effect on the antioxidant parameters of rabbits, it is safe and could be used to bridge the gap between food safety and production.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Melon (Citrallus Lanatus) Seed Oil on the Growth Performance and Antioxidant Status of Growing Rabbits

Objective: The purpose of this present study was to investigate the mineral, nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of melon (Citrullus lanatus) seed flour. Methods: The proximate compositions were determined by soxhlet extraction, AOAC, Kjeldhal and other standard procedure 1,2 . Mineral contents were determined using Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Vanado-molybdate method, while anti-nutrient determinations were carried out using standard procedures 3-5 . Results: The results obtained from proximate analysis were: moisture content (7.10%), ash content (2.70%), crude protein (30.63%), crude lipid (49.05%), crude fiber(6.00%), carbohydrate  (4.52%), dry matter (92.90%), organic matter (97.30%) and energy value (582.05Kcal/100g). The mineral analysis showed that iron have the highest value (144.70mg/100g), followed by manganese (22.73mg/100g), zinc (21.05mg/100g) and magnesium (20.46mg/100g), while calcium was the least (0.10mg/100g). The Na/K and Ca/P ratio were 0.043 and 0.002 respectively. The anti-nutritional factors analyzed were oxalate (26.40mg/100g), tannin (39.40mg/100g) and hydrocyanic acids (1.56mg/100g). Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that Citrullus lanatus seed flour is a good source of important nutrients such as fat, protein, fiber and minerals. The high contents of protein and fat make these seeds valuable dietary supplements especially for people in the rural areas where there are lack of adequate access to dairy foods and meats.

/pdf/proximate-mineral-and-anti-nutritional-compositions-of-melon-210yrv2m2g.pdf

Proximate, Mineral and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Melon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds

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Proximate, Mineral and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Melon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds