The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides access to information on a variety of topics related to the environment and strives to inform citizens of health risks. The EPA also has an extensive library network that consists of 26 libraries throughout the United States, which provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers. The EPA implemented a reorganization project to digitize their materials so they would be more accessible to a wider range of users, but this plan was drastically accelerated when the EPA was threatened with a budget cut. It chose to close and reduce the hours and services of some of their libraries. As a result, the agency was accused of denying users the “right to know” by making information unavailable, not providing an adequate strategic plan, and discarding vital materials. This case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project.

/pdf/the-environmental-protection-agency-3gx4opzrjm.pdf

The Environmental Protection Agency

A review of factors impacting exposure to PM2.5, ultrafine particles and black carbon in Asian transport microenvironments

A pilot study was conducted using an occupied, single-family test house in Columbus, OH, to determine whether a script-based protocol could be used to obtain data useful in identifying the key factors affecting air-exchange rate (AER) and the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of selected traffic-related air pollutants. The test script called for hourly changes to elements of the test house considered likely to influence air flow and AER, including the position (open or closed) of each window and door and the operation (on/off) of the furnace, air conditioner, and ceiling fans. The script was implemented over a 3-day period (January 30–February 1, 2002) during which technicians collected hourly-average data for AER, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations for six pollutants (benzene, formaldehyde (HCHO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)), and selected meteorological variables. Consistent with expectations, AER tended to increase with the number of open exterior windows and doors. The 39 AER values measured during the study when all exterior doors and windows were closed varied from 0.36 to 2.29 h−1 with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.77 h−1 and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.435. The 27 AER values measured when at least one exterior door or window was opened varied from 0.50 to 15.8 h−1 with a GM of 1.98 h−1 and a GSD of 1.902. AER was also affected by temperature and wind speed, most noticeably when exterior windows and doors were closed. Results of a series of stepwise linear regression analyses suggest that (1) outdoor pollutant concentration and (2) indoor pollutant concentration during the preceding hour were the “variables of choice” for predicting indoor pollutant concentration in the test house under the conditions of this study. Depending on the pollutant and ventilation conditions, one or more of the following variables produced a small, but significant increase in the explained variance (R2-value) of the regression equations: AER, number and location of apertures, wind speed, air-conditioning operation, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and relative humidity. The indoor concentrations of CO, PAH, NO, and NOx were highly correlated with the corresponding outdoor concentrations. The indoor benzene concentrations showed only moderate correlation with outdoor benzene levels, possibly due to a weak indoor source. Indoor formaldehyde concentrations always exceeded outdoor levels, and the correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations was not statistically significant, indicating the presence of a strong indoor source.

A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence.

The revised air quality criteria document for carbon monoxide (CO) reviews and evaluates the scientific information on the health effects associated with exposure to the concentrations of CO found in ambient air. Although the document is not intended to be an exhaustive literature review, it is intended to cover all the pertinent literature through late 1989. The references cited in the document are, therefore, reflective of the current state of knowledge on those issues relevant to the subsequent review of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for CO, currently set at 9 ppm (10 mg/cu m) for 8 h and 35 ppm (40 mg/cu m) for 1 h. Major gaps in knowledge also are identified. Although emphasis is placed on the presentation of health effects data, other scientific data are presented and evaluated in order to provide a better understanding of the nature, sources, distribution, measurement, and concentrations of CO in the environment, as well as the measurement of population exposure to CO.

Air quality criteria for carbon monoxide. Draft report

Review of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide

https://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-08/documents/johnsonetal2000.pdf

ESTIMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS FOR RESIDENTS OF DENVER AND LOS ANGELES USING pNEM/CO (VERSION 2.1)

ESTIMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN DENVER RESIDENTS USING pNEM/CO (VERSION 2.0)

Multimodal Biomarkers That Predict the Presence of Gleason Pattern 4: Potential Impact for Active Surveillance

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ESTIMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS FOR RESIDENTS OF DENVER AND LOS ANGELES USING pNEM/CO (VERSION 2.1)

ESTIMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES AND ASSOCIATED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN DENVER RESIDENTS USING pNEM/CO (VERSION 2.0)

Multimodal Biomarkers That Predict the Presence of Gleason Pattern 4: Potential Impact for Active Surveillance