[1] We measured the absorption properties of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles (NAP), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) at about 350 stations in various coastal waters around Europe including the English Channel, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea. For comparison, we also collected data in the open ocean waters of North Atlantic. The exponential slope of the CDOM absorption spectrum varied within a narrow range around 0.0176 nm−1 (SD = 0.0020 nm−1). When data from all the regions were considered altogether, the relationship between phytoplankton absorption and chlorophyll concentration was generally similar to the one previously established for open oceanic waters. Our coastal data, however, show that significant departures from the general trend may occur due to peculiar pigment composition and cell size. In some coastal areas, high phaeopigment concentrations gave rise to especially high blue-to-red ratio of phytoplankton absorption. The NAP absorption covaried with the particle dry weight. Most absorption spectra of these particles were well described by an exponential function with a slope averaging 0.0123 nm−1 (SD = 0.0013 nm−1). In some highly turbid waters, the spectra exhibited a signature possibly associated with iron oxides. In the Baltic Sea, NAP absorption systematically showed lower values at wavelengths shorter than 440 nm than predicted from the fitted exponential function. Overall, the variability in the absorption properties of European coastal waters showed some consistent patterns despite the high diversity of the examined waters. Distinct features were identified in the phytoplankton and NAP components. An absorption budget is presented and parameterizations are proposed.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2001JC000882

Variations in the light absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe

Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: A review

Phosphorus: a rate limiting nutrient in surface waters.

Recent papers have highlighted the differences between the absorption characteristics of phytoplankton populations dominated by diatoms and those of other types of phytoplankton pop- ulations from the North West Atlantic. It has been suggested that these differences could introduce a bias in satellite-derived concentrations of the phytoplankton pigment, chl a. In this paper, these differences in optical properties of diatoms are exploited to develop a bio-optical algorithm to distin- guish diatom populations from other types of phytoplankton populations in the region. The algorithm is applied to SeaWiFS data on ocean colour, and the results are compared with in situ data on phyto- plankton population types based on HPLC data. The comparison shows that the algorithm success- fully distinguishes between diatoms and non-diatom populations in the majority of cases studied. A branching algorithm is then applied to the satellite data to estimate chl a concentration in the region: a diatom-specific algorithm is used when diatoms are identified in a pixel, and another algorithm for mixed populations when this is not the case. The estimated chl a concentrations are compared with in situ estimates when matching observations exist. The results show that the branching bio-optical algorithm often performs better than the OC4 algorithm used in standard processing of SeaWiFS data. However, the results may be poor when the initial identification of population types is wrong. Finally, the new algorithm is used to map the distribution of diatoms in the region in spring and sum- mer: the patterns that emerge are consistent with the known features of diatom distributions in the region.

/pdf/discrimination-of-diatoms-from-other-phytoplankton-using-46um97qrp3.pdf

Discrimination of diatoms from other phytoplankton using ocean-colour data

This study demonstrates experimentally that coarse woody debris (CWD) can provide refuge from predation in aquatic habitats. In the Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, (USA), we (1) measured the abundance of CWD, (2) examined the utilization of CWD by mobile epibenthic fish and crustaceans, and (3) tested experimentally the value of CWD as a refuge from predation. CWD was the dominant above-bottom physical structure in shallow water, ranging in size from small branches ( 50 cm diameter). In response to experimental additions of CWD, densities of common epibenthic cpecies (Callinectes sapidus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Fundulus majalis, Gobiosoma bosc, Gobiesox strumosus, Palaemonetes pugio, and Rithropanopeus harrisii) increased significantly compared to control sites without CWD. In laboratory experiments, grass shrimp (P. pugio) responded to predatory fish (F. heteroclitus and Micropogonias undulatus) by utilizing shelter at CWD more frequently than in absence of fish. Access to CWD increased survivorship of grass shrimp in laboratory and field experiments. These experimental results (1) support the hypothesis, commonly proposed but untested for freshwater habitats, that CWD can provide a refuge from predation for epibenthic fish and invertebrates and (2) extend the recognized functional importance of CWD in freshwater to estuarine and marine communities. We hypothesize that CWD is an especially important refuge habitat in the many estuarine and freshwater systems for which alternative physical structure (e.g., vegetation or oyster reefs) are absent or in low abundance.

Coarse woody debris as a refuge from predation in aquatic communities : An experimental test.

Spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients were measured in the Rhode River and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, on 28 occasions in 1988 and 1989. The model of Kirk was used to extract scattering and absorption coefficients from the measurements in waters considerably more turbid than those in which the model was previously applied. Estimated scattering coefftcients were linearly related to mineral suspended solids. Estimates of total absorption coefficients were decomposed as the sum of contributions by water, dissolved organic matter, phytoplankton chlorophyll, and particulate detritus, each having a characteristic spectral shape. The 1988 data were used to develop a model of scattering and absorption coefficients based on the specific curves regressed against water-quality parameters. Diffise attenuation coefficients in the 1989 data ranging from 1 to 10 m-l and photic depths ranging from < 1 to 4.5 m were predicted with a C.V. of about 25%. The problem of estimating concentrations of water-quality constituents from optical measurements was indeterminate due to the similarity in shape of the specific curves of dissolved substances and depigmented particulates. Chlorophyll concentration could be estimated because it was strongly related to water-corrected absorption in the 670-nm waveband, but several outliers occurred due to biological variability in specific absorption of pigments.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1990.35.7.1486

Modeling spectral diffuse attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients in a turbid estuary

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Modeling spectral diffuse attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients in a turbid estuary