The most striking thing about the literature on voyeurism is the relative lack of material in print. In the present work, the author was able to find only 15 articles and no books that deal specifically with voyeurism. Of the 57 references compiled for this review, not one involves an experimental manipulation of variables. An attempt is made to review as many aspects of voyeurism as possible, giving illustrative case material whenever available. The areas of troilism and coprophilia are covered in some detail to establish to what degree they belong to the deviation of voyeurism. Theory of perversion has centered around the psychoanalytic and behavioral schools because of the lack of material from other approaches. The voyeur is found to be a relatively young man of low socioeconomic status, who sociosexually is said to be “not retarded but a late bloomer.” He is prone to minor crimes and not major offenses. It is suggested that voyeurism be considered a deviation from normal sexual behavior and that deviations are not in and of themselves criminal behavior. At present, punishment is generally mild but highly variable and unpredictable. Treatment is usually analysis or group therapy, but other forms of therapy such as aversion and avoidance conditioning are being attempted with increasing success.

Voyeurism: a review of literature.

Gender identity has been likened to a symphonic orchestration (Gershman 1970). It is composed of many motifs intertwined into one integrated theme. In other words, gender identity is a composite of several subcategories. These subcategories vary from author to author but not without considerable overlap. John Money (1973), who claims to be the first person to define gender identity in print, discusses gender role, gender identity, and core gender identity. Gender role is the public expression of one's individuality as male or female. Gender identity is the private experience of one's individuality as male or female. Core gender identity is a term used to designate the development of gender identity, a process that has begun as early as 18 months, in contradiction to classic Freudian theory. Biller (1968) defined his three levels as sex-role preference, sex-role adoption, and sex-role identity/ orientation. Sex-role preference is the desire to adhere to cultural prescriptions and proscriptions of the masculine or feminine role. This implies a choice or discrimination, and the individual is aware of which of two roles he wishes to pursue. Sex-role adoption is publicly observable behavior, that is, how masculine or feminine members of society view an individual. As such, it is a function of general behavior, only some of which involves intentional awareness. Sex-role adoption, therefore, is similar to Money's gender role. Sex-role identity/ orientation is the way in which an individual basically views himself. It is an underlying and not necessarily

/pdf/the-psychological-assessment-of-gender-identity-and-gender-142jzccvyr.pdf

The Psychological Assessment of Gender Identity and Gender Role in Schizophrenia

‘I believed I could, so I did’—A theoretical approach on self-efficacy beliefs to positively influence men with a risk to sexually abuse children

A holistic (Horney) approach to the psychoses: the schizophrenias. I. Sociocultural, developmental and psychogenetic factors.

/pdf/gender-identity-and-gender-role-in-schizophrenia-4u3rd9msdy.pdf

Gender identity and gender role in schizophrenia.

The changing role of psychoanalysis: beyond action for mental health.

Sexual perversions: Some dynamic considerations

T HE BEGINNINGS Of neurotic development are generally at t r ibuted to disturbances of childhood growth, disturbances which affect the formation and organization of the self. T h e various psychoanalytic theories differ in their emphasis on the factors involved in the child, in its environment, or in the relationship between the two. T h e thesis presented in this paper is that ~haracteristic developmental changes of the self occur during the maturat ive growth of the young child, along with and parallel to neurot ic developmen~ I believe that these two processes intertwine and mutual ly modify each other in certain definable ways. While a holistic theory of neurosis may satisfactorily explain the driving forces, the motivational processes, and the form of the neurotic personality, the explanation of many part icular aspects can best be found in modifying influences of this early self-development. I have previously tried to point out that different conceptions of the self among the various analytic schools derive from functional principles. 1 Now it has become evident that consideration of the growing self must also take into account certain differences with the adult. In the adult the self we deal with at any specific moment represents the confluence of two dimensions of experience. First is the historical or longitudinal, with the newborn infant and the mature adult at the two extremes. Second is the dimension of immediate experience in the here-and-now, the horizontal, with the internal and the external world as the two limits. T h e infant has Iess of an experienced past to the extent that he is young; this gradually changes as he grows chronologically with more lived experience to influence him. T h e infant's inner world first predominates in importance over the outer one. This changes as his awareness of the external world grows through the maturat ion of sensory and intellectual capacities, and as his communicative and symbolizing abilities develop. Because these formative processes are more active in the child, it is possible to distinguish more easily the various aspects of the self. As Piaget, Gesell, and others have shown, the infant begins to become aware of himself as a bounded entity, an experiencing "I," very early. As we consider this early awareness of self, several components may be differentiated. I do not conceive of these as actual organic entities, bu t ra ther as more or less organized aspects or functions of the total unitary organism in process. I t is simply convenient to make these distinctions in order to bet ter clarify

The self-concept, identity, and alienation from self

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The changing role of psychoanalysis: beyond action for mental health.

Sexual perversions: Some dynamic considerations

The self-concept, identity, and alienation from self