At present, designing efficient bio-based flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) and exploring low-toxicity and sustainable flame retardant strategies is still a great challenge. In this work, a novel bio-based hybrid flame retardant was successfully prepared by constructing a resveratrol-based cyclic cross-linked polyphosphazene (PPZ) shell on the surface of halloysite nanotube (HNT). The enhancement effects of HNT@PPZ on the fire safety of EP composites were investigated by thermal degradation, simulated fire performance (cone calorimeter test), gas-phase product analysis, and condensed-phase char residue analysis. Compared to pure EP, he total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP) and the average yield of carbon monoxide (Av-COY) of EP/3HNT@PPZ were reduced by 47.8 %, 46.5 % and 48.8 % respectively. Furthermore, the EP composites containing HNT@PPZ had a stable flame retardancy even after 6 months of natural aging. It was found the barrier effect of HNT@PPZ in condensed phase was further strengthened by the formation of new product aluminum phosphate, which formed a multiple protective char layer. Additionally, PPZ shell improved compatibility and dispersion of HNT in EP matrix, the mechanical properties of the composite with HNT@PPZ were improved significantly. This work proposed a feasible solution for the preparation of highly efficient bio-based flame retardants with excellent heat reduction and smoke toxicity reduction ability, which could be expected to broaden the application of biomass resources in the development of highly efficient flame retardants. 

Bio-derived polyphosphazene modified halloysite nanotubes as eco-friendly flame retardants to significantly reduce smoke release and enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin

Polymer nanocomposites, which incorporate nanomaterials into a polymer matrix, are known for their exceptional material properties attributed to strong interfacial interactions between different components. Halloysite nanotubes (Hal) that have been characterized by their unique tubular structure, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical strength, and low toxicity have garnered scientific attention, exploring their potential as nanomaterials for reinforcing polymers with enhanced biocompatibility in the biomedical field. This review explores the fabrication techniques employed to develop Hal-based polymer nanocomposites and examines the impacts of incorporating Hal into polymer matrices, mainly focusing on its effects on fabrication processes and its potential enhancements for diverse biomedical applications. Common fabrication techniques, including solution mixing, melt processing, in situ polymerization, electrospinning, and electrophoretic deposition, have been employed to develop Hal-based polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications, with each technique having its own set of advantages and limitations. Consequently, these fabrication techniques facilitate the development of Hal-based polymer nanocomposites, offering improved structural and functional properties previously unachievable through conventional polymers. Such advancements hold promise for drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and biomedical packaging applications. 

Halloysite nanotube-polymer nanocomposites: A review on fabrication and biomedical applications

Tissue engineering (TE) has become a primary research topic for the treatment of diseased or damaged tendon/ligament (T/L) tissue. T/L injuries pose a severe clinical burden worldwide, necessitating the development of effective strategies for T/L repair and tissue regeneration. TE has emerged as a promising strategy for restoring T/L function using decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based scaffolds. dECM scaffolds have gained significant prominence because of their native structure, relatively high bioactivity, low immunogenicity, and ability to function as scaffolds for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, which are difficult to imitate using synthetic materials. Here, we review the recent advances and possible future prospects for the advancement of dECM scaffolds for T/L tissue regeneration. We focus on crucial scaffold properties and functions, as well as various engineering strategies employed for biomaterial design in T/L regeneration. dECM provides both the physical and mechanical microenvironments required by cells to survive and proliferate. Various decellularization methods and sources of allogeneic and xenogeneic dECM in T/L repair and regeneration are critically discussed. Additionally, dECM hydrogels, bio-inks in 3D bioprinting, and nanofibers are briefly explored. Understanding the opportunities and challenges associated with dECM-based scaffold development is crucial for advancing T/L repairs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 

Exploring polysaccharide and protein-enriched decellularized matrix scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair: A review.

Stem cell-based therapies hold significant promise for chronic wound healing and skin appendages regeneration, but challenges such as limited stem cell lifespan and poor biocompatibility of delivery systems hinder clinical application. In this study, an in situ delivery system for human adipose-derived stem cells is developed (hADSCs) to enhance diabetic wound healing. The system utilizes a photo-crosslinking recombinant human type III collagen (rHCIII) hydrogel to encapsulate hADSCs, termed the hADSCs@rHCIII hydrogel. This hydrogel undergoes local crosslinking at the wound site, establishing a sturdy 3D niche suitable for stem cell function. Consequently, the encapsulated hADSCs exhibit strong attachment and spreading within the hydrogels, maintaining their proliferation, metabolic activity, and viability for up to three weeks in vitro. Importantly, in vivo studies demonstrate that the hADSCs@rHCIII hydrogel achieves significant in situ delivery of stem cells, prolonging their retention within the wound. This ultimately enhances their immunomodulatory capabilities, promotes neovascularization and granulation tissue formation, facilitates matrix remodeling, and accelerates healing in a diabetic mouse wound model. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of the conveniently-prepared and user-friendly hADSCs@rHCIII hydrogel as a promising therapeutic approach for diabetic wound treatment and in situ skin regeneration. 

Collaborative Enhancement of Diabetic Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration by Recombinant Human Collagen Hydrogel and hADSCs

Abstract Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) are crucial for tendon repair, regeneration, and homeostasis. Dysfunction of TSPCs, due to aberrant activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, contributes to tendinopathy. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of conventional subcutaneous injection targeting at suppressing JAK/STAT signaling pathway is limited due to the passive diffusion of drugs away from the injury site. Herein, a novel poly‐gamma‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) dual‐barb microneedle (MN) path loaded with TSPCs‐derived nanovesicles (NVs) containing JAK/STAT inhibitor WP1066 (MN‐WP1066‐NVs) for tendinopathy treatment is designed. The dual‐barb design of the MN ensures firm adhesion to the skin, allowing for sustained and prolonged release of WP1066‐NVs, facilitating enhanced TSPCs self‐renewal, migration, and stemness in tendinopathy. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the degradation of γ‐PGA patch tips facilitates the gradual release of WP1066‐NVs at the lesion site. This release alleviates inflammation, suppresses extracellular matrix degradation, and restores normal tendon histological structure by inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway. These findings suggest that the multifunctional dual‐barb MN patch offers a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for tendinopathy treatment. 

Dual‐Barb Microneedle with JAK/STAT Inhibitor‐Loaded Nanovesicles Encapsulation for Tendinopathy

Nanofiber matrix formulations for the delivery of Exendin-4 for tendon regeneration: In vitro and in vivo assessment

Bioactive Nanofiber Matrix Formulations for the Delivery of Exendin-4 for Tendon Regeneration: In Vitro and in Vivo Assessment

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Nanofiber matrix formulations for the delivery of Exendin-4 for tendon regeneration: In vitro and in vivo assessment

Bioactive Nanofiber Matrix Formulations for the Delivery of Exendin-4 for Tendon Regeneration: In Vitro and in Vivo Assessment