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Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom

Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy: a &momentum microscope' to view atomic collision dynamics

Despite numerous studies that report the preponderance of domestic violence is perpetrated by men against women, other empirical studies suggest that rates of domestic violence by women and men are equivalent. This article explores these claims of gender symmetry in intimate partners'use of violence by reviewing the empirical foundations of the research and critiquing existing sources of data on domestic violence. The author suggests methods to reconcile the disparate data and encourages researchers and practitioners to acknowledge women's use of violence while understanding why it tends to be very different from violence by men toward their female partners.

“Gender Symmetry” in Domestic Violence A Substantive and Methodological Research Review

Attitudes toward men's violence against women shape both the perpetration of violence against women and responses to this violence by the victim and others around her. For these reasons, attitudes are the target of violence-prevention campaigns. To improve understanding of the determinants of violence against women and to aid the development of violence-prevention efforts, this article reviews the factors that shape attitudes toward violence against women. It offers a framework with which to comprehend the complex array of influences on attitudes toward violent behavior perpetrated by men against women. Two clusters of factors, associated with gender and culture, have an influence at multiple levels of the social order on attitudes regarding violence. Further factors operate at individual, organizational, communal, or societal levels in particular, although their influence may overlap across multiple levels. This article concludes with recommendations regarding efforts to improve attitudes toward violence against women.

/pdf/factors-influencing-attitudes-to-violence-against-women-39dit5ttj0.pdf

Factors influencing Attitudes to violence Against Women

Family violence researchers suggest that sociodemographic indicators of structural inequality influence propensities for domestic assaults. Feminist scholars argue that domestic violence is rooted in gender and power and represents men's active attempts to maintain dominance and control over women. This article integrates both approaches by proposing that elements of structural inequality influence violent behavior differently for women and men. Using self- and partnerreported data from Wave I of the National Survey of Families and Households, this study examines the relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, gender, status (in)compatibility, and domestic assaults. Results indicate that incompatibilities in income and educational status are differentially associated with domestic violence perpetrated by women and men. Discrepancies between self- and partner-reported violence are examined to determine correlates of reporting differences. The findings suggest that future research would benefit from an integration of family violence and feminist approaches. Key Words: domestic violence, gender, status incompatibility, structure. Efforts to identify risk factors, correlates, and causes of domestic violence have burgeoned in recent decades. However, sociological scholarship on domestic violence is characterized by substantial controversy, particularly around issues of gender (Gelles, 1993; Johnson, 1995; Yllo, 1993). The heart of the debate centers on the relative importance of patriarchy in the etiology of domestic violence. Feminist sociologists contend that issues of gender and power are the ultimate root of intimate violence (Dobash & Dobash, 1979; Stark & Flitcraft, 1991; Yllo,1993), but sociologists from other substantive traditions (e.g., family sociology) argue that patriarchy is just one variable in a complex constellation of causes (Gelles, 1993; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). The theoretical disputes stem, in part, from different methodological approaches to the study of domestic violence (see Johnson, 1995). Drawing primarily on victimization research that demonstrates the severe and repetitive nature of male violence, feminist researchers contend that violence is part of a system of coercive controls through which men maintain societal dominance over women (Dobash & Dobash, 1979; Martin, 1976; Stark & Flitcraft, 1996). Yet sociologists, employing national survey techniques, find strong relationships between domestic violence and age, cohabiting status, unemployment, and socioeconomic status that suggest that other characteristics of the social structure may engender violence (DeKeserdy, 1995; Smith, 1990; Stets, 1991; Straus et al., 1980). These scholars also suggest that the privacy and isolation of modern households in the United States and cultural support for violence facilitate domestic assaults (Gelles & Straus, 1988). National survey results indicating that women are as likely as men to report engaging in assaults against spouses or partners (Straus & Gelles, 1986) fueled the theoretical and methodological debates. Feminist scholars offer a methodological critique of the use of large-scale surveys to research domestic violence. They argue that these methods ignore the context in which violence occurs and thus the issues of gender and power (Dobash, Dobash, Wilson, & Daly, 1992; Johnson, 1995; Straton, 1994). Additionally, feminists contend that national survey data are biased by underreporting of male violence due to social desirability (Arias & Beach, 1987). Sociologists who focus on sociodemographic and family system explanations and whom Johnson (1995) calls "family violence" researchers claim feminist scholars employ single-variable analyses that concentrate on patriarchy and ignore the impact of factors such as income, unemployment, and age, which may affect the perpetration of domestic assaults by women and men (Gelles, 1993; Gelles & Straus, 1988). …

Gender, status and domestic violence: An integration of feminist and family violence approaches.

/pdf/the-myth-of-the-battered-husband-syndrome-vxs2x0z9w4.pdf

The Myth of the "Battered Husband Syndrome"

The Fock-Tani transformation in the Jacobi three\ensuremath{\rightarrow}two-body reduced-mass system is carried out and the first-order T matrix is found to be identical to that for the full three-body transformation. The Fock-Tani transformation in the reduced-mass system in which particle b is fixed at the origin is found to give a first-order T matrix with an error of ${m}_{c}$/${m}_{b}$ in the initial momentum wave function. First-order differential and total cross sections are calculated for ${\mathit{a}}^{+}$+(${\mathrm{b}}^{+}$${\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(${\mathrm{a}}^{+}$${\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)+${\mathrm{b}}^{+}$ where {abc}={ppe, epe, \ensuremath{\mu}p\ensuremath{\mu}, \ensuremath{\mu}d\ensuremath{\mu}, and \ensuremath{\mu}t\ensuremath{\mu}}. .AE

/pdf/reduced-mass-fock-tani-representations-for-a-b-c-a-c-b-and-4sh6ax664f.pdf

Reduced-mass Fock-Tani representations for a + +(b + c - )-->(a + c - )+b + and first-order results for \{abc\}=\{ppe, epe, μpμ, μdμ, and μtμ\}

Results of calculations of double excitation of helium to {ital n}=2 states for fast projectiles of charge {ital Z} are presented. Nonzero {ital Z}{sup 3} contributions for single and double excitation occur only when time-ordering contributions from the second-order amplitude are nonzero. For double excitation, electron correlation must also be nonzero to obtain {ital Z}{sup 3} terms. The time-ordering effects arise from virtual off-energy-shell intermediate states. As with second-order amplitudes for Thomas singularities in electron capture, the energy-nonconserving amplitude is connected to the second-order energy-conserving amplitude by a dispersion relation. Comparison is made with experiment.

/pdf/double-excitation-of-helium-by-fast-particles-of-charge-z-2hwslxfx57.pdf

Double Excitation of Helium by Fast Particles of Charge Z

A technique for evaluating cross sections for two-electron excitation in collisions of atoms with fast particles of charge ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is presented. The atomic wave function is approximated by a sum of pair products of one-electron wave functions, with the coefficients chosen by diagonalizing the fully correlated two-electron Hamiltonian. Thus spatial correlation is included in both the asymptotic and scattering regions by using these configuration-interaction (CI) wave functions for initial, intermediate, and final states. Use of CI wave function also allows the first-order contributions to be expressed in closed, analytical form. Both the energy-conserving and energy-nonconserving parts of the second-order amplitude are evaluated. The former (a correlated generalization of the independent-electron approximation) is analytical and the latter is a one-dimensional integral. In helium it is found that the double-excitation cross sections are sensitive to the sign of the projectile charge, but that the energy region where this sensitivity is of the same order as for double ionization is 0.1 to 0.5 MeV/amu, whereas the latter has peak charge sensitivity at 1.5 MeV/amu. Comparison is made with some experimental results.

https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=phy_fac

Technique for the evaluation of double excitation of atoms by fast charged particles

ABSTRACT:Teaching classes concerned with justice and equity led us to understand that we must model justice and equity in all of our work. In order to ask students to be vulnerable in talking about how they have been exposed to, and impacted by, society’s messages about race, gender, and sexual identity, we have a responsibility to first demonstrate that vulnerability ourselves. Thus, our work is more about “being” than “doing.” Modeling honest self-assessment allows us to ask students to be reflective about their relationship to power, privilege, and oppression. A reader hesitating to do this work should remember that analyzing power imbalances, misshapen structures, and hidden assumptions are familiar critical thinking tasks. If talking about our own mistakes, struggles, and fears is central to the curriculum, that lessens the fear of making mistakes in a new endeavor and even normalizes and values these moments. Just as students benefit from a new openness to authentic stories of others, and a deeper understanding of their own stories, so are teachers’ lives enriched thereby.

Positionality in Teaching: Implications for Advancing Social Justice

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