Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the orthodontics current principles and techniques book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.

Orthodontics: Current principles and techniques

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Dental management of the medically compromised patient

This book is a fourth edition and was pre­ viously called Cysts of the oral regions. Speight has become a joint author with Shear and has helped in updating the book to reflect the advances in the understanding of cystic lesions. The book is presented in hardback form and contains clinical photographs, radiographs, images of histological sec­ tions, and clearly presented data, all in colour. It is split into 18 chapters, the first of which deals with classifi cation of cysts. The authors group them under three main headings: cysts of the jaws, cysts associated with the maxillary antrum, and cysts of the soft tissues of the mouth, face, neck, and salivary glands. Subsequent chapters deal in detail with individual cysts, or groups of rare related lesions. Each chapter gives consideration to clinical features, epide­ miology, radiological features, aetiology, and pathology. Impressive detail is given on immunohistochemistry, enzyme his­ tochemistry and genetic advances. The text is extremely well referenced with many very recent publications. There are a few drawbacks to the book. One is the order in which the cysts are presented. The chapter on radicular cysts is found in the second half of the book yet it is the most common cyst. I found the layout to be less useful than other textbooks. Treatment is considered in terms of general principle; however, the reader is pointed to additional texts for further reading on this topic. To summarise, this is a very detailed book (over 50 pages are devoted to the odontogenic keratocyst alone), and I feel this is excessive for it to be considered as an undergraduate text. It is probably more suited to specialists in the fi elds of oral pathology, oral surgery, and maxil­ lofacial radiology. For trainees in these specialties, this text would provide an excellent reference in preparation for examinations. A. Ulhuq

/pdf/an-introduction-to-orthodontics-2pxqmyr8py.pdf

An introduction to orthodontics

IDF Diabetes Atlas: Diabetes and oral health – A two-way relationship of clinical importance

Jaundice is a life-threatening disorder in the neonates. In the present study, we aimed to assess systematically available evidence on causes and management of jaundice in Iranian newborn patients. We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus and Google Scholar for English articles published since inception until May 2019. A search was also done for Persian articles in Magiran and Scientific Information Database. Studies were evaluated based on predefined criteria by two reviewers. Data analysis was performed by STATA software. A total of 33 articles were finally included. The overall pooled prevalence of causes of jaundice among Iranian neonates was as follows: ABO blood groups incompatibility, 16.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9–22.8]; Rh blood group incompatibility, 4% (95% CI 2.5–5.5); ABO and Rh blood groups incompatibility, 3.6% (95% CI 0–7.7); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 6.3% (95% CI 5.1–7.5); infection, 6.6% (95% CI 5.2–8.1); hypothyroidism, 4.2% (95% CI 0.1–8.3); infant of diabetic mother: 2.3% (95% CI 0.1–4.5); unknown, 50.7% (95% CI 33.4–68); cephalohematoma, 0.6% (95% CI 0.3–0.9). Regarding treatment of icterus, seven and eight articles were found on phototherapy and exchange transfusion, respectively. In five studies, all patients underwent phototherapy, but rate of exchange transfusion use was between 6.6% and 50.9%. According to the results, unknown factors were the most common causes of icterus in Iranian neonates, followed by ABO blood groups incompatibility, infections and G6PD deficiency. By the way, phototherapy and exchange transfusion were found as therapeutic choices of neonatal jaundice.

Etiology and therapeutic management of neonatal jaundice in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which can have numerous physical effects for patient. Xerostomia is one of these complications. Compared to healthy people, patients with diabetes mellitus, have a worse quality of life, and complications of diabetes are the main determinants of quality of life in these patients. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effects of xerostomia and hyposalivation on quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods This descriptive-analytical epidemiological study was conducted on 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus referred to the diabetes clinic of Shahid Mostafavi in Sari city from October 2015 to January in 2016. A questionnaire containing personal characteristics and medical situation was completed by each person. Then, the Persian Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14-PER) questionnaire was completed by the patients. Eventually, with the use of chewable paraffin for 1.5 min by the patient, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR) test was performed, and in order to determine hyposalivation, their saliva amount underwent a gravimetric test. Finally, using statistical software SPSS16, the information was statistically analyzed by independent-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-squared and fisher exact tests. Results The average age of patient was 56.41 years old (43% male and 57% female). Mean SSFR was 0.7 ml/min in patients and xerostomia were confirmed in 112 patients. Difference between age, gender, drug use, years affecting to diabetes and FBS amount in patient with hyposalivation were not statistically meaningful in proportion to patients without it. But difference between HbA1C and SSFR in patients with hyposalivation were statistically meaningful than to patients without it (p=0.03, p=0.001 respectively). The mean patient score to OHIP-14 were obtained as 38.17. The questionnaire score difference in patients with hyposalivation in proportion to patients without it were not statistically meaningful. Conclusion Hyposalivation possibility increases in diabetic patients with low metabolic control which can cause more severe side effects in relation to oral health. Xerostomia in diabetic patients has negative effects on oral health related quality of life. Diabetic control and patients' oral problem improvement is effective in their quality of life promotion.

/pdf/the-effect-of-xerostomia-and-hyposalivation-on-the-quality-w524531g36.pdf

The effect of xerostomia and hyposalivation on the quality of life of patients with type II diabetes mellitus.

Background: Orthodontics is a part of dentistry that comprises preventive methods and correction of dental irregularities that need to be repositioned by functional and mechanical tools to provide an ideal occlusion and a beautiful face for patients. There are currently four metal archwires used in orthodontic treatment: stainless steel alloy, cobalt-chromium alloy, nickel-titanium alloy, and beta-titanium alloy. Toxic effects generally occur when the body’s tissues are exposed to sufficient amounts of metal ions for long periods. 
 Objectives: The present study briefly reviews the requirements and hazards of toxic metals from orthodontic wires. 
 Methods: This study is a review of the available reliable sources and reference documents and scientific-research articles published in the international journals and databases with the focus on the requirements and hazards of toxic metals from orthodontic wires. 
Results: Optimal characteristics of an archwire for optimal performance are spring return, ductility, modulus of elasticity, biocompatibility, and low friction. The release of metal ions from dental alloys is due to local and systematic chemicals, mutagenic, immunogenic, and toxic effects. 
Conclusion: Today, most orthodontic brackets, braces, and archwires are made of stainless steel and nickel-titanium, all of which contain varying amounts of nickel, chromium, and cobalt ions. Increasing the amount of ions released from orthodontic alloys causes a cytotoxic state for the body. Although orthodontic alloys contain anti-corrosion agents, they are prone to corrosion in dynamic oral environments.

A Review of the Requirements and Hazards of Toxic Metals From Orthodontic Wires

Background and purpose: Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause of neonatal hospitalization and can be a sign of urinary tract infection during infancy. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the reasons for prolonged jaundice. This research aimed at studying the prevalence of urinary tract infection in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia admitted to Tonekabon Shahid Rajaei Hospital, 2015. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 259 infants. The samples were selected by census method. To diagnose the urinary tract infection, urine with a 2-cc syringe was taken by pediatrician through suprapubic method. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: UTI was identified in 18 (6.9%) neonates, including 10 (55.5%) boys and 8 (44.4%) girls. Urine culture revealed 12 E. coli spp. and 6 Proteus spp. Also, in 49 (91.18%) were found to have prolonged jaundice. Conclusion: Due to the prevalence of UTI in neonates, urine culture is suggested in all infants hospitalized for jaundice even in those without prolonged jaundice.

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection in Neonates with Hyperbilirubinemia

Background and purpose: Many conditions and oral lesions are associated with aging that could have considerable impact on quality of life. This study investigated the prevalence of oral lesions in elderly in nursing homes. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 90 residents (over 60 years of age) in nursing homes in Sari and Babol, Iran, 2015. Data was recorded in a checklist and analyzed in SPSS ver.16 applying T-test, Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: We studied 90 individuals including 26 males (28.9%) and 64 females (71.1%), mean age: 78.8 years. All elderly were found to have at least one lesion of the oral mucosa. The most common lesions were fissured tongue (55.6%), varicosity (46.7%), pigmentation (26.7%), candidiasis (25.6%) and sublingual varices (21.1%). Varicosity was more prevalent in men. 63.1% of the lesions were observed in tongue. The lesions in 60% of the people were due to wearing dentures (P< 0.05). There was no significant association between smoking and the prevalence of oral lesions. Conclusion: High prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in studied population signifies the need for more serious oral examinations and follow-up of this group of people.

/pdf/prevalence-of-oral-mucosal-lesions-in-nursing-home-residents-pqt137c05q.pdf

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Nursing Home Residents

Background and purpose: Oral health during pregnancy is effective on fetal and maternal health. Dental treatments in this period should have no side effects on the fetus and mother. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of general dentists about dental management during pregnancy in Sari, Iran. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 114 dentists in Sari, 2015. The participants completed a questionnaire consisting of twenty questions (14 questions about knowledge and 6 questions about practice) for dental procedures during pregnancy. SPSS V.16 was applied to analyze the data. Results: The final mean score of dentists was 51.84%. The mean final score had a significant correlation with age, gender, and working experience (P <0.05). The rate of awareness was higher in women compared with men, also the rate of awareness decreased with aging and increase in working years. Conclusion: In this study, the knowledge about dental managements decreased in older dentists and those with more working experiences. Therefore, training programs are necessary to enhance the knowledge of this group of dentists.

Knowledge and Practice of General Dentists about Dental Management during Pregnancy

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