Sodium‐based rechargeable batteries are considered one of the strongest contenders for the next generation of power storage devices. Functional electrolytes with additives play a crucial role in influencing the electrochemical performance of sodium‐based batteries. The addition of small doses of additives can greatly enhance the electrolyte, improving energy density, cycling performance, and safety. This paper presents an overview of recent research focused on novel additives for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs). The additives are categorized based on their specific functions, including film‐forming, flame retardant, overcharge protection, high‐voltage, acid and water removal, inhibition of gas production, high and low temperature and protection of sodium metal anode. The working mechanisms for these additives are thoroughly explained. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed.

Functional Electrolyte Additives for Sodium‐Ion and Sodium‐Metal Batteries: Progress and Perspectives

As the energy storage sector gains prominence, sodium batteries have garnered attention due to their affordability and the abundance of raw materials. Among the methods aimed at enhancing sodium battery performance, electrolyte additives are notably cost‐effective. Despite typically comprising no more than 5% of the components, these additives play a crucial role in improving battery cycle life and overall functionality. This review begins by analyzing the factors propelling the development of sodium batteries and the diverse roles of additives, extensively examines the roles of common functional groups (fluorine(F)‐containing, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, phosphate ester, nitrogenous, boron, silyl groups, etc.) in additives. Furthermore, it categorizes the latest functional electrolyte additives into five distinct types. Lastly, the review provides an overview of the potential for designing additives that are both sustainable and efficient. This comprehensive review aims to be a valuable resource for informing the strategic selection and enhancement of electrolyte additives, thereby facilitating future progress in the field.

Review of Electrolyte Additives for Secondary Sodium Batteries

The conventional polyethylene (PE) separators used in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated poor compatibility with the polar solvents, and the flammability of the separator and the electrolyte solvents also pose safety risks for SIBs. To address these challenges, a composite separator (PE@BSO) with a barium sulfate (BSO) nano-coating, prepared using a colloid of ultrafine BSO nanoparticles, has been developed to synergistically enhance the flame retardancy with a designed electrolyte. The designed electrolyte consists of high boiling point and high flash point solvents with only 5 % trimethyl phosphate (TMP). When combined with the designed electrolyte, the PE@BSO composite separator shows excellent flame retardancy due to the high compatibility and synergy between the BSO nano-coatings and the high flash point electrolyte. Additionally, the PE@BSO separator has improved ionic conductivity (0.52 mS cm−1) and Na+ transfer number (0.65). The Na3V2(PO4)3 half-cell assembled with PE@BSO shows an enhanced discharge capacity of 109.2 mAh g−1 at 0.5C with 97.9 % capacity retention after 300 cycles and a C-rate capacity of 95.4 mAh g−1 at 5C. These results demonstrate that the as-prepared separator has promising potential for the application in SIBs. 

High-wettability composite separator with barium sulfate nanoparticle coating and electrolyte synergistic flame retardation for high performance sodium ion batteries

Sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) offer substantial competitiveness owing to their wide elemental distribution and high specific capacity. However, SMBs face safety issues such as unstable properties of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer due to irregular sodium dendrites. In this paper, we constructed a stable and uniform SEI layer by introducing the 1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile (HTCN) electrolyte additive, replacing the conventional, insoluble nitrate. HTCN facilitates the generation of substances like Na3N with high electrical conductivity on the Na anode surface. This accelerates Na+ shuttling and provides high-flux nucleation sites. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to elucidate the solvated structure of electrolyte and radial distribution of Na+ after HTCN addition. Moreover, in-situ optical microscopy revealed a stable and robust SEI layer, effectively inhibiting the disorderly growth of sodium dendrites. The superior cycling performance of the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP)/Na full cell further demonstrates the addition of HTCN. 

1,3,6-Hexanetricarbonitrile as electrolyte additive to inhibit sodium dendrites in sodium-metal batteries

Due to the high reactivity of Li metal, Li dendrites inevitably grow during the charging and discharging process of the cell, resulting in poor cycling performance. In this paper, 1,3 -propane sulfonate (PS) was innovatively used as a functional additive, and a stable sulfur-rich SEI layer was constructed on the surface of the Li metal anode through the synergistic deposition of its decomposition product and electrolytes. This SEI layer effectively inhibited the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites and significantly enhanced the cycling performance of Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells, enabling the cells to achieve 200 stable cycles at 0.5C and 400 stable cycles at 5C. The morphology and composition on the surface of the Li metal anode were observed and analyzed through SEM and XPS, confirming the mechanism of PS. It was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and GITT that the modified SEI layer resulted in better Li+ conductivity and exhibited lower impedance values. In addition, in-situ optical microscopy was innovatively used to observe the changes in the growth of Li dendrites, demonstrating that PS effectively inhibited the growth of uncontrolled Li dendrites on the surface of the Li metal anode. 

Cyclosulfate additive constructs stable interface to limit dendrites and realize stable cycle of LMBs

Flame-Retardant Electrolyte Enables Sodium Metal Batteries to Limit Dendrites and Stabilize Cycling

EP08.01-071 Safety and Efficacy of Sitravatinib + Tislelizumab in Patients with PD-L1+, Locally Advanced/Metastatic, Non-Squamous NSCLC

Importance Although gastrointestinal disease affects gut microbiota and their metabolites associated with dementia risk, the associations between gastrointestinal diseases and the risk of incident dementia are not established. Objective To examine the associations between 14 gastrointestinal diseases and incident dementia. Design, setting, and participants Cohort study. This cohort analysis included 352,463 participants free of baseline dementia. Participants joined the UK Biobank study from 2006 to 2010 and were followed up until 2018 or 2021. Exposures Fourteen baseline gastrointestinal diseases were defined with data from inpatient, primary care, national cancer registries and self-reported data. Polygenic risk score (RPS) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) was constructed by individuals' genetic data. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was incident all-cause dementia ascertained via a inpatient, primary care, and national death registries. Secondary outcomes were risk of common subtypes of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia as well as early-onset (i.e., with the onset age < 65 years) and late-onset ([≥] 65 years) dementia by diagnosis age. Results During a median follow-up of 12.4 years among 352,463 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.8 [8.1] years; 54.1% were women), 5648 incident dementia cases were diagnosed. Seven gastrointestinal diseases showed significant associations with an increased risk of dementia after controlling covariates and multiple testing. Compared to individuals without gastrointestinal diseases, the risk of dementia increased from 26% (95% confidence interval 13%-41%) for patients with intestinal diverticular disease to 121% (95% confidence interval 57%-211%) for patients with cirrhosis. The associations were different between certain gastrointestinal diseases and dementia by onset age. The associations appeared to be stronger for cirrhosis (P = 0.001), irritable bowel syndrome (P < 0.001), gastritis and duodenitis (P = 0.002), gastroesophageal reflux disease (P < 0.001), and peptic ulcer (P = 0.030) with early-onset dementia. There were no multiplicative interactions for PRS or APOE (P > 0.05). Conclusions and relevance This study found associations of several gastrointestinal diseases with an increased risk of incident dementia, especially early-onset dementia. Our findings imply the great importance of dementia prevention among patients with gastrointestinal diseases.

Gastrointestinal Diseases, Genetic Risk, and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study in 352,463 Middle-Aged Adults

388P Capmatinib in Chinese adults with EGFR wt, ALK rearrangement negative (ALK-R−), MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14), advanced NSCLC: Results from the phase II GEOMETRY-C study

For a given complex matrix we describe new methods for localizing the eigenvalues and new upper bounds for the spread. These methods and upper bounds are sharper than those previously known.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/IM2015v079n01ABEH002739/pdf

Localization of eigenvalues and estimation of the spread for complex matrices

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