It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of chemicals has recently been reported to occur in snow/ice and the release of these photochemically generated species may significantly impact the chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured in a number of snow covered environments, where in some cases the emissions significantly impact the overlying boundary layer. For example, photochemical ozone production (such as that occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3–4 ppbv/day has been observed at South Pole, due to high OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments have determined that the origin of the observed NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism have not yet been elucidated. A variety of low molecular weight organic compounds have been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks, the source of which has been proposed to be either direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural organic materials present in the snow. Although myriad studies have observed active processing of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental chemistry occurring remains poorly understood. Here we consider the nature of snow at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical processes within snow and the caveats needed for comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen and organic photochemistry within snow; the current limitations faced by the field and implications for the future.

/pdf/an-overview-of-snow-photochemistry-evidence-mechanisms-and-yaeoz9jq34.pdf

An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts

Sea spray aerosol in central Antarctica. Present atmospheric behaviour and implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions

[1] To gain a better understanding of sulfate and methanesulfonate (MS−) signals recorded in central Antarctic ice cores in terms of past atmospheric changes, an atmospheric year-round study of these aerosols was performed in 2006 at the Concordia station (75°S, 123°E) located on the high Antarctic plateau. In addition, a year-round study of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), the gaseous precursor of sulfur aerosol, was conducted in 2007. The DMS mixing ratio remains below 1 pptv from October to January and exhibits a maximum of 10 pptv during the first half of winter (from April to July). Surprisingly, the well-marked maximum of sulfur aerosol recorded in January at coastal Antarctic sites is observed at Concordia for sulfate but not for MS− which peaks before and after sulfate in November and March, respectively. This first study of DMS and of its by-oxidation aerosol species conducted at inland Antarctica points out the complex coupling between transport and photochemistry of sulfur species over Antarctica. The findings highlight the complexity of the link between MS− ice core records extracted at high Antarctic plateau sites and DMS emissions from the Southern ocean.

/pdf/seasonality-of-sulfur-species-dimethyl-sulfide-sulfate-and-38yfdnii0e.pdf

Seasonality of sulfur species (dimethyl sulfide, sulfate, and methanesulfonate) in Antarctica: Inland versus coastal regions

https://epic.awi.de/24679/1/Tomasi-etal-AE.pdf

An update on polar aerosol optical properties using POLAR-AOD and other measurements performed during the International Polar Year

The origin of sea-salt aerosol that reaches the high Antarctic plateau and is trapped in snow and ice cores remains still unclear. In particular, the respective role of emissions from the open ocean versus those from the sea-ice surface is not yet quantified. To progress on this question, the composition of bulk and size-segregated aerosol was studied in 2006 at the Concordia station (75°S, 123°E) located on the high Antarctic plateau. A depletion of sulfate relative to sodium with respect to the seawater composition is observed on sea-salt aerosol reaching Concordia from April to September. That suggests that in winter, when the sea-salt atmospheric load reaches a maximum, emissions from the sea-ice surface significantly contribute to the sea-salt budget of inland Antarctica. Citation: Jourdain, B., S. Preunkert, O. Cerri, H. Castebrunet, R. Udisti, and M. Legrand (2008), Year-round record of size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia station): Implications for the degree of fractionation of sea-salt particles,

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01871523/document

Year-round record of size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia station): Implications for the degree of fractionation of sea-salt particles

Major ions and radionuclides in aerosol particles from the South Pole during ISCAT-2000

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Major ions and radionuclides in aerosol particles from the South Pole during ISCAT-2000