It is well-known that cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death worldwide nowadays. Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor is one of the tools commonly used by cardiologists to diagnose and detect signs of heart disease with their patients. Since fast, prompt and accurate interpretation and decision is important in saving the life of patients from sudden heart attack or cardiac arrest, many innovations have been made to ECG sensors. However, the use of traditional ECG sensors is still prevalent in the clinical settings of many medical institutions. This article provides a comprehensive survey on ECG sensors from hardware, software and data format interoperability perspectives. The hardware perspective outlines a general hardware architecture of an ECG sensor along with the description of its hardware components. The software perspective describes various techniques (denoising, machine learning, deep learning, and privacy preservation) and other computer paradigms used in the software development and deployment for ECG sensors. Finally, the format interoperability perspective offers a detailed taxonomy of current ECG formats and the relationship among these formats. The intention is to help researchers towards the development of modern ECG sensors that are suitable and approved for adoption in real clinical settings.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/2/105/pdf

Advances of ECG sensors from hardware, software and format interoperability perspectives

The IEEE 802.11g standard has been proposed to enhance the data rate of wireless LAN connections up to 54 Mbps, while ensuring backward compatibility with legacy 802.11b devices at the same time. However, in a hybrid 802.11b/g network, the throughput of 802.11g devices is compromised because of not only the overhead to interoperate with 802.11b devices, but also the unbalanced medium contentions between devices with different versions of the standard. We propose a hybrid Markov-chain based model to quantify this throughput reduction effect in 802.11b/g mixed scenarios. The analytical model is further verified with simulations and field measurements under different station numbers, data rates, and data packet sizes. In addition, a simple frame-bursting technique is shown to balance the throughput between 802.11b and 802.11g stations.

Performance evaluations for hybrid IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g wireless networks

The 802. llg offers backward compatibility to 802.11b operating in 2.4 GHz with the same set of MAC parameters. However, this compatibility causes 802.1 lg to perform differently as 802.11a in terms of radio throughput performance, although both standards employ orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology to achieve high data rate. In this paper, we compare and present an in- depth analysis of the throughput performance of both 802.11a and 802.1 lg standards. In order to compare the throughput performance of 802.11a and 802.1 lg, a Markov chain model of IEEE 802.11 MAC is adopted to evaluate the saturation throughput. Our analytical and experimental results show an inferior throughput performance for 802.1 lg even with the same OFDM technology as employed for 802.11a.

Comparison of Throughput Performance for the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g Networks

An apparatus and a system, as well as a method and article, may operate to reserve access to one or more overlapping channels having a resource allocation (e.g., a frequency range) overlapping a resource allocation of at least two overlapped channels by reserving access to the overlapped channels. Reservation of the overlapped channels may occur in a substantially simultaneous, serial, or semi-serial fashion.

Channel access apparatus, systems, and methods

In this paper we evaluate the throughput properties of 802.11g networks in the saturated limit. Using a modification to existing analytical models we show how our new results solve previously reported dicrepancies between analytical throughput predictions and measured throughputs. We investigate the performance of saturated 802.11 g networks as a function of various 802.11g PHY parameters, including the transmission rate of ACKframes, the slot size, the use of EIFS (extended inter-frame spacing) and the total PCLP (physical convergence layer protocol) overhead. We also investigate the throughput performance as a function of important MAC layer parameters. An interesting result we find is the how the predicted throughput depends on the Contention Window value and the number of stations. The results reported here will be of value to the ongoing study of multimedia application deployments over high PHY data rate 802.11 g networks.

Throughput Performance of Saturated 802.11g Networks

Boasting higher data rate schemes matching those available with IEEE 802.11a-OFDM in the 5 GHz band and backward compatibility with 2.4 GHz 802.11b-CCK, 802.11g is gaining acceptance in the wireless local area network (WLAN) market. Despite growing interest, early adopters face numerous challenges that may impact radio throughput performance including longer slot-time duration than 802.11a, protection mechanism for b/g user coordination and fewer available channels for frequency reuse. This paper aims to take a balanced look at the advertised system benefits afforded by enhanced throughput capabilities against performance considerations that must be taken into account to successfully deploy 802.11g in Enterprise/Public Space WLANs.

IEEE 802.11g OFDM WLAN throughput performance

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IEEE 802.11g OFDM WLAN throughput performance