Ionization potentials, appearance potentials, and heats of formation of gaseous positive ions

Gases for electrical insulation are essential for the operation of electric power equipment. This Review gives a brief history of gaseous insulation that involved the emergence of the most potent industrial greenhouse gas known today, namely sulfur hexafluoride. SF6 paved the way to space-saving equipment for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Its ever-rising usage in the electrical grid also played a decisive role in the continuous increase of atmospheric SF6 abundance over the last decades. This Review broadly covers the environmental concerns related to SF6 emissions and assesses the latest generation of eco-friendly replacement gases. They offer great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from electrical equipment but at the same time involve technical trade-offs. The rumors of one or the other being superior seem premature, in particular because of the lack of dielectric, environmental, and chemical information for these relatively novel compounds and their dissociation...

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF6

This is a compilation of ionization and appearance potentials of positive ions published from 1955 through June 1966. The compilation lists the ion formed, the parent species from which it was formed, the other products of the process, the threshold energy for the formation of this ion, and the method by which this data was obtained. Where feasible, the heat of formation at 298 K of the positive ion has been computed for each entry using auxiliary thermochemical data. From these computed values “best” values have been chosen.

Ionization Potentials, Appearance Potentials, and Heats of Formation of Gaseous Positive Ions

Mechanisms for the formation of ions in flames

Übergangsmetall-carben-komplexe XXVII. Ringsubstituierte (Methoxyphenylcarben)-pentacarbonylchrom(o)-komplexe

THE mass spectrometer is often used for the measurement of the appearance potentials of ions produced by electron bombardment of gaseous molecules. For this purpose, two gases are admitted to the instrument simultaneously; one is the gas under investigation, while the other is a ‘standard gas’ (usually argon or krypton), the ionization potential of which is accurately known from spectroscopic data. Measurements are made of the ion beam intensities as a function of electron energy, both for the ion the appearance potential of which is required and for that for which it is known. These measurements are made over a range of a few volts above the potentials at which the beams are first detected. Several rather arbitrary methods have been used for deducing the difference between the two potentials1.

Measurement of appearance potentials of ions produced by electron impact, using a mass spectrometer.

Negative-Ion Formation in Gases of High Dielectric Strength

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Measurement of appearance potentials of ions produced by electron impact, using a mass spectrometer.

Negative-Ion Formation in Gases of High Dielectric Strength